Introduction
It is important to note that ancient art forms are key indicators of society’s progress. They reflect the cultural values, rules, and artifacts of previous civilizations. Moreover, gender can be portrayed through clothing, gestures, attributes, scale, and skin color. Accordingly, these attributes demonstrate the image and understanding of gender. Therefore, the four works of art illustrate the portrayal of gender depending on the period of history and society’s perceptions of male and female characteristics.
Venus of Willendorf
The sculpture of the Venus of Willendorf dates back to the Paleolithic era and provides insight into the representation of the female gender at that time. The sculpture reflects the years before Christ and is a small limestone figure of a woman (Kleiner 23). This sculpture reflects the representation of women in Paleolithic culture, including an emphasis on a large belly, breasts, and hips.
These details and the attributes indicate that female time was primarily considered for childbearing. Moreover, the sculpture does not show clear facial features of a woman, which indicates a patriarchal society (Kleiner 26). Thus, the Venus of Willendorf is characterized by a small scale and non-standard proportions of a woman’s body, which disconcertingly links gender to reproductive capabilities.
Queen Nefertiti
It is also worth noting that the sculpture Queen Nefertiti demystifies the idealized image of a woman. The sculpture is distinguished by the headdress’s large scale, which symbolizes Nefertiti’s divine essence. Meanwhile, the woman’s skin tone is light, which is explained by Egyptian ideas and beliefs about social class (Kleiner 76). Thus, in the Amarna Period, the female gender was associated with elegance and respect that existed for women in ancient Egyptian society.
Discobolus
The Discobolus sculpture belongs to the classical period, demonstrating the idea of the male gender. The sculpture emphasizes the curves of a man’s perfectly physically developed body, and the accent on the naked, beautiful body demystifies the understanding of masculinity that existed in Greek society (Kleiner 128). Thus, the Discobolus sculpture embodies the gender expectations of the society of the time about physical strength and dominance of the male gender.
Augustus of Prima Porta
Additionally, the statue of Augustus of Prima Porta, which belongs to the Imperial Period, is also a way of idealizing men. The large scale of the statue, especially the suit of armor, demonstrates the understanding of men as defenders and leaders. The man also displays a gesture emphasizing men’s position in society as leaders (Kleiner 104). Therefore, the statue of Augustus of Primaporta reflects the culture of masculinity in society and the primacy of the male gender and their dominant position.
Application of Butler’s Theory to the Sculptures
Judith Butler’s theory of gender performativity argues that gender should not be attributed to properties considered social dimensions. It is because people shape their behavior depending on the gender characteristics of different societies (Tyler 65). Accordingly, ancient works of art can be considered in the context of Butler’s theory because they demonstrate the stability of gender norms and their visual behavior, which are intended to demonstrate expectations for men and women. It means that the Venus of Willendorf is supposed to give birth to children, and the Augustus of Prima Porta is expected to take leadership positions in society. Consequently, the significance of understanding the article is a characterization and a social perception.
Conclusion
Hence, ancient works of art provide an opportunity to evaluate the depictions of various genders and the attributes they were endowed with in specific periods. This enables one to study their clothing, gestures, body language, or skin tone to explain how gender was perceived by society in a particular period of time. Moreover, applying Butler’s theory, it becomes clear that gender properties depend on social expectations and perceptions. Accordingly, depending on the periods of history, women and men were endowed with distinct features based on the expectations and needs of society.
Works Cited
Kleiner, Fred. Gardner’s Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective, Volume I. Cengage Learning, 2020.
Tyler, Melissa. Judith Butler and Organization Theory. Routledge, 2019.