Genetic and Environmental Factors in Alzheimer’s Disease: Risk and Protection

Introduction

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects the elderly population. It is not yet completely clear what triggers Alzheimer’s, but it is thought that genetics have a considerable influence on the onset and advancement of the disorder.

Genetics and Alzheimer’s Disease

There is a clear genetic link with Alzheimer’s disease, especially at an earlier age. The presence of specific genes significantly increases the likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s. The most well-known gene associated with Alzheimer’s is the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene (Bellenguezet al., 2020). This gene has three forms: APOE e2, e3, and e4. The APOE e4 allele, in particular, is considered a significant risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease.

Environmental Factors Impacting Alzheimer’s

It has been observed that a variety of environmental components can affect the advancement and intensification of Alzheimer’s disease. One such factor is education. It is believed that cognitive stimulation and intellectual engagement throughout life may delay the onset of symptoms (Scheltens et al., 2021). Another environmental factor is cardiovascular diseases. These conditions may result in a decrease in the amount of blood getting to the brain and heightened inflammation, both of which are associated with the development of the illness.

Protective Factors Associated with Alzheimer’s

Regular physical exercise has been identified as a protective factor against Alzheimer’s. Physical activity boosts the health of the heart and circulatory system, increases blood circulation to the brain, and encourages the development of fresh neurons (Scheltens et al., 2021). Another protective factor is a healthy diet. Eating a nutritional plan full of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins, like the Mediterranean diet, has been linked to a reduced risk of Alzheimer’s.

Risk Factors

Two risk factors associated with Alzheimer’s disease include age and a family history of the disease. Advanced age is the primary risk factor for developing Alzheimer’s, with the risk doubling every five years after the age of 65 (Scheltens et al., 2021). Having a first-degree relative, such as a parent or sibling, with Alzheimer’s also increases the risk of developing the disease.

Conclusion

While genetics certainly play a role in Alzheimer’s disease, it is essential to note that it is a complex disorder influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The APOE gene, particularly the e4 allele, is associated with the likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s. Nonetheless, the level of education and cardiovascular condition also play a significant role in influencing the sickness.

References

Bellenguez, C., Grenier-Boley, B., & Lambert, J. C. (2020). Genetics of Alzheimer’s disease: where we are, and where we are going. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 61, 40-48.

Scheltens, P., De Strooper, B., Kivipelto, M., Holstege, H., Chételat, G., Teunissen, C. E., & van der Flier, W. M. (2021). Alzheimer’s disease. The Lancet, 397(10284), 1577-1590.

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StudyCorgi. (2025) 'Genetic and Environmental Factors in Alzheimer’s Disease: Risk and Protection'. 13 March.

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StudyCorgi. "Genetic and Environmental Factors in Alzheimer’s Disease: Risk and Protection." March 13, 2025. https://studycorgi.com/genetic-and-environmental-factors-in-alzheimers-disease-risk-and-protection/.

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StudyCorgi. 2025. "Genetic and Environmental Factors in Alzheimer’s Disease: Risk and Protection." March 13, 2025. https://studycorgi.com/genetic-and-environmental-factors-in-alzheimers-disease-risk-and-protection/.

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