Introduction
Background
Throughout history, humans have developed advanced forms of thought, development, and interaction with divine powers. These powers are demonstrated and exhibited according to religious beliefs and norms. Among the major monotheistic religions in the world are Judaism, Islam, and Christianity. They are also known as Abrahamic because they all have origins in one man named Abraham, who is documented in various divine texts used by these religions.
While the three religions derive their beliefs from the same origin, their readings and interpretations of texts differ slightly, making them distinct. For example, Abraham is considered the first Muslim in Islam because he was the first to have a connection to a single God. He believed in the existence of only one supreme God and entirely devoted himself to serving and submitting to the will of God. On the other hand, Christianity considers Abraham the origin of faith, trusting in the unseen God and ultimately submitting to Him. Similarly, Judaism identifies with Abraham because of his unwavering stance and adherence to the law of God.
The understanding of the texts related to Abraham and monotheism has resulted in the three religions considering different ways and places for worshipping God. However, one thing is common among the three faiths: there are dedicated sacred places meant to bring devotees closer to their gods. This leads devotees of these religions to visit distinct sacred places to worship their God, offer various gifts, and perform rituals according to their ordinances. The dwelling places of God, as seen in both natural and artificial environments, suggest that the divine reality can be perfectly interpreted and understood through the experience derived from light.
Light is one of the most used symbols in today’s Judaic, Islamic, and Christian architecture. It enables seekers of divine presence to visit familiar places of worship, where they develop a sense of reverence, fear, and worship. Most importantly, the religions are primarily intended to connect individuals to a larger community of worshippers from diverse cultures and theological backgrounds, thereby sharing a similar experience of God.
The interpretation of light is particular in different architectural designs in the three religions. Light and shades are meant to create some perceived sense of divine presence or lack thereof. For instance, uniformly lit places and spaces are achieved by making light create certain accents resulting from perforated openings that allow light beams to pierce through or create floating domes.
Thus, the modern monotheistic religions’ architecture enterprise is mainly characterized by manipulating light and its comprehension to achieve peaceful, pleasant, dismal, and dark perceptions. Sacred buildings possess a rich array of symbolism, which creates a spiritual atmosphere for worshippers. The use of distinct colors, symbolic shapes, numbers, and other specific symbolic tools employed by different Abrahamic faiths yields spatial experiences that connect worshippers with their deities while in sacred places. Consequently, employing lighting in religious buildings is precisely to create an environment that uplifts the spirit of the worshippers in prayer to God.
Aims and Objectives
This study aims to investigate the impact of daylight and symbolism on creating emotive environments in the context of sacred architecture. This aim is achieved by addressing the following specific objectives of the study, which include:
- To understand the role of light in sacred architecture and how it achieves spiritual sensation for the worshipers.
- To understand the meaning and impact of symbolism in sacred architecture.
- To investigate the different lighting strategies used in contemporary sacred architecture.
Methodology
- The literature review will be used to create a qualitative study.
- Case studies of contemporary sacred buildings will be analyzed and compared with typical sacred architecture.
- Critical analysis of how the theory of design affects the shaping of contemporary sacred architecture.
- Comparison of the contemporary and typical sacred architecture.
The dissertation compares contemporary and typical sacred architecture by analyzing specific case studies of monumental architectural designs used by the three Abrahamic religions. Modern methods, such as those employed in the Sancaklar Mosque, Santa Ana’s Chapel, and Ohel Jakob Synagogue, are evaluated based on criteria including innovative use of light, symbolic representation, functionality, aesthetics, cultural context, flexibility, and inclusivity.
These criteria compare contemporary designs to typical methods in sacred architecture, highlighting how modern architects push the boundaries and explore new ways of designing sacred spaces. The comparison also sheds light on the motivations and reasoning behind the choices made by contemporary architects, as well as how these choices align with or deviate from traditional designs and practices.
Light and Symbolism in Sacred Architecture
Light
Light plays a crucial role in the architecture of sacred buildings in various Abrahamic religions and their associated textual interpretations. Daylight is considered crucial in the performance of various religious rituals, as it also induces mystical and spiritual sensations. The Safavids critically equate light to the existence of God and His Spirit and power. Religions also consider light as a symbol of human experiences and fulfilments, while darkness is mainly associated with other forms of life beyond humankind’s affairs. The distinction between good and evil Christians considers why light and darkness do not coexist.
While the concept of light and darkness transcends the understanding provided by religious beliefs, these assertions are critically used to inform the architectural designs of their places of worship. Abrahamic religions believe that darkness does not dwell in the presence of light and that darkness does not have the power to drive out light.
The Torah indicates that the sanctuary was always lit with a seven-branch candlestick to symbolize the continuous presence of God in the sacred place of worship. Such understandings have continued in contemporary architecture, where light is managed using different methods to help worshippers feel a connection with God. With this notion, the changes are considered the dwelling places of God, hence the holiest parts of the buildings.
Islam
In Islam, light is considered a complex concept encompassing various spectra of beings, including visible light and the divine presence. It is seen as a gift from God and one of his names. Islam also acknowledges that light is the visible rays that enable vision, but goes further to explore other forms of light, such as spiritual intellect and guidance.
Bonnéric defines light as a self-manifesting reality that reveals other things apart from itself. This definition attempts to explain visible light, but it also extends to reveal and describe other forms of light, ranging from the extreme of visible light to that of divinity. The definition and understanding of light have left many Islamic scholars to question the definition in relation to blind people who do not perceive light.
One form of light can be present in a person and absent in another. The light of vision has been considered deficient in many ways, primarily because it is only capable of perceiving visible objects but cannot see invisible ones. In mosques, light serves aesthetic and symbolic purposes by brightening the freedom to define the geometric forms and express the symbolic importance of existence.
Christianity
Various lights are significant symbols in Christianity, representing the holiness and presence of God, as well as the revelation of God’s glory and knowledge. The Bible references light, which is often associated with holiness, wisdom, hope, grace, mercy, and understanding. Light is also seen as a representation of God Himself, and Jesus is referred to as the “Light of the world” in the New Testament. Christians believe that light is the dwelling space of God and that it reflects His nature and symbolizes Him. Light is also used to refer to the heavenly messages sent by God, such as the angels who rolled away the stone from the tomb where Christ was resurrected.
Also, Daniel recounts seeing an angel whose face was like lightning. Moreover, light is also used to refer to God in different ways, including the Light of the World, the True Light, and the Bright Morning Star. Christians try to remain in the light to ensure they interact with God, and the use of candles in churches serves as a symbol of Christ’s role as the light of the world. It also symbolizes the indwelling Holy Spirit who works to the glory of God. A fire (not an electric bulb) that burns away deadwood, purifies, and cleanses precious things.
Judaism
Since the Jewish religion was the first among the three Abrahamic faiths, most definitions and understandings of the concept of light are drawn from the original texts. The history of Judaism has been closely tied to the concept of God as revealed through light. For instance, their interactions with God on Mount Sinai caused them to experience great fear whenever He manifested Himself in light.
The Shechinah glory was mainly associated with the eternal presence of God in the temple. In addition, while tending his father-in-law’s sheep, Moses saw a burning bush that was never consumed. Moreover, when the Jews were moving from Egypt to Canaan, God’s presence dwelt with them in the form of light.
Consequently, it is believed in Judaism that light is the creation of the act of making the world. In its actual utterance, the phrase “Let there be light” (from Genesis 1:3 of the Torah) marks the separation of creation from the darkness. The meaning of light in Judaism has a similar role to that in Christianity, which is that light is a symbol of God, and He is the source of it. The eternal light, which never goes out, is believed to symbolize God’s presence in synagogues.
Symbolism
Sacred architecture manifests human attempts to create spaces that evoke a sense of divinity and holiness. Such buildings provide a physical space for people to connect with the divine and pay homage to their gods. The design and decoration of these structures often include symbolic elements that convey religious beliefs, fears, and ideas. These symbols are intended to convey the literal meaning of sacred texts. For example, in Hindu temples, the intricate carvings and sculptures on the walls and pillars are meant to tell stories from Hindu mythology and convey the beliefs and values of Hindu culture.
Similarly, in Christian churches, stained glass windows and frescoes are intended to illustrate biblical stories and convey Christian teachings. The origins and development of the arch, apse, and dome are examples of Roman architectural elements that were initially developed primarily for functional purposes and subsequently evolved into what may be considered typical religious symbols due to their widespread use in other religions. Generally, sacred architecture is a powerful way for people to express their religious beliefs and connect with the divine. Most texts in many religions are considered non-literal, which is why symbolism has been extensively used in most sacred architecture.
Mosques
Mosques feature several artistically designed symbols that reveal specific truths derived from the Qur’an. The most prominent element is the dome, which symbolizes the universe under God’s control. The shapes depict the free flow of air in different parts of the world, especially in hot regions exposed to the sun. The dome is above the prayer, allowing the believers’ voices to be amplified by God.
The second element is the minaret, a tall tower from which the Imams make prayer calls. The star and the crescent at the top of most mosques represent the greatness of God and the five central pillars of Islam.
Moreover, the mihrab is an alcove located along the prayer wall, designed to indicate the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca. Furthermore, the mihrab is built to have three steps, where the Imams step when offering the Friday sermons. However, Imams do not step on the third and the top due to respect and humility accorded to God. The second step is thus the role of the imams in serving as a bridge between God and man.
Churches
Churches are rich in symbolic meaning as a form of sacred architecture. The architectural design of churches often incorporates symbols specific to Christianity, intended to evoke a sense of divinity and spirituality. One of the most common symbols in churches is the cross, a powerful symbol of sacrifice and redemption. It represents the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, who gave his life for the salvation of humanity.
The altar is another important symbol in churches, where the Eucharist, also known as the Sacrament of the Eucharist or the Sacrament of Communion, is celebrated. It is often regarded as a symbol of God’s presence and the connection between the faithful and the divine.
Another common symbol in churches is the star, representing the shepherds who heeded the call to visit the Messiah when Jesus was born. This symbol is often used to represent faithful believers who obey God’s commands.
Many churches also have a symbolic foundation stone, laid with a ceremonious ritual to denote the experience and power of the disciples of Jesus. The foundation stone is often used to depict the presence of Jesus, as given in 1 Corinthians 3:11, “For no one can lay any foundation other than what has been laid down. That foundation is Jesus Christ.” This symbol serves as a reminder of the importance of Jesus Christ as the foundation of the Christian faith.
Synagogues
Jewish synagogues are adorned with some of the most profound symbols that convey sacred truths derived from the Torah. One of the main symbols found in the temples is the Ark (Aron HaKodesh). During the worship sessions, the believers face the Ark, which is built to align with the direction of Jerusalem, a location of significant meaning in Jewish worship.
The Ark is intended to provide adherents with knowledge of the supreme being and His word, which is considered the ultimate truth. The prayers are offered or recited when the congregants are at the podium, which is the lower part of the bimah. The platform is elevated and situated at the center of the building, enabling the congregation to hear the reader’s words.
The Jews do not allow the lights to go off since doing so will mean that the presence of God is departed and that the law would have no significance in their life. One commonality among the three faiths is the presence of dedicated sacred places intended to bring devotees closer to their gods. Some texts amongst the three faiths also reveal that God dwells in waters, mountains, clouds, wind, rivers, or other natural phenomena.
The Synthesis of Orientation and Form
Mosques
The Mosque, ‘Masjid’ in Arabic, is a fundamental Islamic building in many forms. Masjid, which means “place of prostration,” is where Muslims gather for prayer. Although the five daily prayers in Islam can be performed anywhere, Muslim men must congregate on Fridays at noon to pray together. Mosques are utilized during the week for worship, learning, or simply as a quiet place to unwind and think.
The first mosque was the Prophet Muhammad’s house, which was initially a merchant’s house in the city of Mecca. His home, built in the classic Arabian architecture of the 7th century in Medina, modern-day Saudi Arabia, consisted of a vast courtyard surrounded by long chambers supported by columns. A hypostyle mosque, characterized by “many columns,” became the term for this type of mosque.
Islam is specific in its design and architectural approaches for its sacred places of worship. Any design and building is perfectly harmonized with the provision of enlightenment from the Qur’an and Hadith. The Masjids are usually made with references to the old cultures associated with the origin and perpetual existence of the religion. Thus, every mosque is constructed with due diligence to minimize any errors in religious teachings and ensure the direction of future generations.
Experts in building and religion were assigned the task of ensuring that the final structure meets all the standards of Islamic beliefs and that no form of defilement is associated with the erection of the sacred places of worship. Before taking any particular action, the imams are widely consulted, ensuring that the depths of the foundation and the laying of stones, as well as the positioning of every element, are accurately achieved as provided in the holy books.
Orientation
The Qibla direction is one of the most crucial aspects of mosque architecture. It is the direction that Muslims face during prayer, and it is considered a prerequisite for a mosque to function as a place of worship. The Qibla direction is always pointed towards the Kaaba, located in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. This is considered the holiest site in Islam, and Muslims worldwide turn towards it during prayer.
In the early days of Islam, Muslims turned towards Jerusalem as the original place of worship. However, this was later changed to face Mecca. This change was made due to the significance of the Kaaba and the fact that it is the location of the Prophet Muhammad’s (PBUH) first revelation. Since the Qibla direction is a mandatory requirement, unique coordinate systems are used to determine the exact path. This requires architects and designers to know spherical geometry.
Due diligence is expected among imams and designers to ensure they determine the correct Qibla direction, especially in cases where the focus could be more precise. This is especially important in modern times when buildings are constructed using advanced technologies and materials, which can make it difficult to determine the Qibla direction. With the use of GPS and other advanced technologies, it has become easier to choose the Qibla direction and ensure that the mosque is oriented correctly.
Form
While several forms of mosque designs have emerged in recent years, three significant conditions exist. The first is the hypostyle mosque, which was mainly inspired by the design of the Prophet Muhammad’s house. This design is widespread across various parts of the world where the Islamic religion is practiced and is characterized by a large, open prayer hall with multiple rows of columns supporting a flat roof. This design is considered a traditional form of mosque design and is often used for larger congregations.
The second is the Four-iwan Mosque, which emerged in the 11th century and is characterized by a vaulted space that opens onto one of its sides to a courtyard. This design is closely linked to Persian architecture, making it one of the most distinctive features in mosques. The iwan is a large, rectangular hall often used for congregational prayers, and it is typically open on one side, facing a courtyard. This design is considered a more elaborate form of mosque design. It is often used in more extensive and affluent communities.
The third is the centrally planned mosque, which mainly became common at the start of the Ottoman Empire in 1299. The design was primarily influenced by the artistic style of the Roman (Byzantine) Empire, which was shaped by the capture of Constantinople (present-day Istanbul) by Mehmed II. A central dome characterizes this design, often surrounded by smaller domes and arches.
The central dome is often used as a focal point for congregational prayers. It is typically the largest structure in the mosque. This design is considered a more elaborate mosque form and is often used in more extensive and affluent communities.
Churches
The early churches were often simple and were frequently built on top of the tombs of martyrs. They were rectangular and usually divided into three parts: the nave, the apse, and the atrium. The core was the central part of the church, where the congregation would gather for worship. The apse was where the altar was located, and the atrium was the entrance area. These early churches were also connected to the Roman basilica, which served as a venue for public assemblies, law courts, and other official purposes.
The design and construction of churches evolved as Christianity became more widespread and more accepted by the Roman Empire. The Byzantine era witnessed the emergence of more elaborate and ornate churches, featuring mosaics, frescoes, and marble flooring. The architecture of churches during this period was heavily influenced by the Eastern Orthodox Church, characterized by domes and apses. Moreover, early Christianity was marked by an element of esotericism and mystical significance that is often associated with the beginnings of religion; this was a characteristic essential to the early Christian movement.
During the Middle Ages, the Romanesque and Gothic styles of architecture became popular in the construction of churches. Rounded arches and thick walls characterized Romanesque churches, while Gothic churches were known for their pointed arches and ribbed vaults. Both styles were used to create grand and majestic churches that could accommodate the scale of the faith and the people’s devotion.
Generally, churches have been an integral part of Christianity since its inception, offering a place of worship, religious instruction, and community. The design and construction of churches have evolved, reflecting both the cultural and architectural influences of their respective periods. Today, churches remain important places of worship and a significant part of the Christian faith.
Orientation
Churches have been considered sacred places for a long time, dating back to the early years of Christianity. The places are consecrated and set aside for worship. They are protected from any form of profanity by fences or cosmic orientation. The construction of any new altar is designed to reflect the cosmogony of creation. Humans are considered spiritually oriented beings, which is why the construction of churches employs a cosmogonic approach, with particular attention to the light (eliotropism) and higher powers (theotropism).
Most Christian churches are oriented with the same principles, having a longitudinal and vertical axis. The horizontal axis is called the solar axis and is meant to point toward the East, where the sun rises. The East-West orientation has long been a part of Christian history because it recalls the liturgical tradition of facing east when praying. Churches are often oriented eastward; in Britain, for instance, the overall angle of their alignment diverges by up to 110 degrees. This could indicate a lack of precise measurements for positioning churches at a 90-degree angle to the actual East.
On the other hand, the vertical axis is oriented towards the North Star. The horizontal axis is primarily intended to represent light and darkness, which also correspond to good and evil as defined in sacred texts. The vertical orientation symbolizes the connection between heaven, earth, and hell. Moreover, since the church is considered the center of the world, the altar occupies a central focal point where all the attention is directed to God.
Many churches also feature intricate architectural designs and decorations, such as stained-glass windows, frescoes, and sculptures, which enhance the spiritual experience of worshippers. The use of symbolism and iconography in church art also educates and instructs congregants on the faith’s teachings.
Form
The architectural design of some of the world’s most significant churches reflects the religious and cultural beliefs of the society that built them. These buildings often exhibit features of large-scale structures that follow specific forms and styles. In most cases, these churches have complicated structural conditions that are less visible among parish churches. Cathedrals, for example, primarily serve administrative and pastoral functions; hence, they are associated with some of the most profound designs in the rituals performed by bishops of the respective churches.
Diverse denominations may also have comparatively different traits and designs. For instance, Catholic churches often feature a cruciform design, with the sanctuary—the most sacred area of the building—located at the east end. This orientation aligns with the liturgical tradition of facing east when praying, as it symbolizes the rising of the sun and the arrival of a new day. The altar, considered the focal point of the church, is also located at the east end, representing the connection between heaven and earth.
Gothic cathedrals, on the other hand, are known for their pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and ornate decoration. These architectural elements were used to create an illusion of height and light and to give the impression of reaching heaven. Gothic cathedrals also have large stained-glass windows that allow natural light to flood the interior, creating a serene and spiritual atmosphere.
Eastern Orthodox churches, such as those found in Greece and Russia, have a distinct architectural style characterized by a large central dome that sits atop a square or circular base. The crown represents the heavens and is often decorated with frescoes and mosaics depicting religious scenes. The narthex, the entrance to the church, is also a crucial feature of Eastern Orthodox churches, as it symbolizes the boundary between the secular and the sacred.
Synagogues
A synagogue is also typically designed with a central focus on the Ark of the Covenant, which houses the Torah scrolls. Since the Hebrew Bible does not contain a specific term for it, the Greek word “synagogue” served as the basis for the modern phrase. The Ark is usually located at the front of the main sanctuary and is often the most ornately decorated part of the building.
The bimah, or raised platform, is a crucial feature in a synagogue, where the Torah is read during services. The seating in a synagogue is often arranged so that the congregation faces toward the Ark and bimah. Many temples have a library for the study of Jewish texts, as well as classrooms for educational programs. Some synagogues also have social halls, recreational facilities, and kitchens for community gatherings.
The architectural style of synagogues varies widely, depending on the community and the historical period in which they were built. Some synagogues are designed in the traditional, ornate style of Eastern European synagogues, while others are designed in a more modern, minimalist style. Some synagogues are also intended to reflect the architectural styles of the surrounding community, such as a Gothic-style synagogue in a predominantly Gothic neighborhood. In any case, synagogues are considered sacred places. They are often designed to reflect the spiritual and cultural values of the Jewish community.
They are also often designed to be welcoming and accessible to all community members, regardless of their level of religious observance. It is worth noting that synagogues have been in use for centuries and have undergone many changes in their design, construction, and purpose. As the Jewish community grew, the demand for synagogues also rose. Modern synagogues are designed to incorporate spaces for worship, education, and community events, thereby serving as a multifaceted hub for the community.
Orientation
The orientation of synagogues towards Jerusalem is known as the “Jerusalem orientation.” It is considered an essential aspect of a synagogue’s architectural design. It is believed that when the Jews offer their prayers, they are facing the city and the Temple Mount, considered the holiest site in Judaism. This is because the Temple Mount is where the First and Second Temples were located, and it is also where the Ark of the Covenant was kept.
The Ark of the Covenant is considered the holiest object in Judaism and is believed to contain the Ten Commandments. This orientation towards Jerusalem is a reminder of the exile of Jews from the land of Israel. It serves as a symbol of their longing to return to the Holy City. The synagogue’s design also plays a crucial role in imbuing the building with its sacredness.
The Ark of the Covenant, also known as the Holy Ark, is typically located at the synagogue’s eastern wall, which faces Jerusalem. The Ark is the focal point of the synagogue and is usually adorned with intricate carvings and decorations. The Ark is a reminder of God’s presence in the synagogue and is considered the most sacred object in the building. The Ark is also where the Torah scrolls are kept and where the prayers are directed. The synagogue’s interior is also designed to reflect the sacredness of the building.
The walls and ceilings are often adorned with intricate carvings and decorations that symbolize various aspects of Jewish history and culture. The synagogues also have large windows that let in natural light, which is considered a symbol of God’s presence. The windows also serve as a reminder of the importance of light in Jewish tradition, as it is said that God created light on the first day of creation.
Form
The principles adopted in most synagogues over the years include lavish facades, buildings with three entrances, and an architectural style influenced by Latin-Roman designs. The facilities also have three or more rows, which divide the inner space into separate areas based on the number of congregants. This creates a sense of hierarchy and separation between the congregants and the synagogue’s leaders.
The synagogues also feature stone carvings depicting motifs mainly associated with late antiquity. These carvings primarily exist in floor mosaics and are adopted according to the tastes and cultures of the local congregation. The artwork and decoration of a synagogue create a sense of beauty and reverence, enhancing the congregants’ spiritual experience. Motifs often include the Star of David, the menorah, and other symbols of Jewish identity and faith.
Furthermore, the use of the Latin-Roman style in architecture reflects the influence of the Roman Empire on Jewish culture and how it has been adopted and adapted over time. The synagogue is not only a place of worship but also serves as a community center. It is used for social gatherings, classes, and other activities that bring the Jewish community together. The three entrances of a synagogue also have significance, with one for men, another for women, and the third for the Torah. This reflects the traditional gender roles within the Jewish community, separating the sexes during prayer.
Generally, most synagogues have embraced standards such as elaborate facade decorating. According to the number of congregants, the forms also often contain different seating arrangements for the people. Additionally, the synagogues include stone sculptures that primarily portray motifs from late antiquity. These sculptures, mostly seen in floor mosaics, are adapted to the preferences and cultures of the local congregation.
Evolution of Sacred Architecture
Over the years, sacred architecture has undergone significant evolution. The Muslims consider mosques to be places of worship and communal gathering points, hence addressing the needs for spiritual, social, and cultural fulfillment of their adherents. Thus, the buildings have undergone significant changes over the years and across regions to reflect the way of life of local communities, including celebrations, educational activities, and civic events. Moreover, while there are specific requirements for constructing a mosque, such as pointing the qibla, the design and construction of the sacred places are not determined by the doctrines of the religion.
This freedom has enabled the design of mosques to evolve. Some of the significant factors that have contributed to the changes in a structure include the climate and social life of the people. Moreover, the designs have also been primarily influenced by the provisions available within local communities, resulting in complex buildings in wealthy regions and simpler structures in less developed areas of poorer societies.
The development of churches has remained closely guarded spaces among different denominations. One can tell the difference in structural approach between the Catholic, Apostolic, and Orthodox churches. However, each of these churches also varies widely depending on the church’s needs and the functions it performs. For instance, local rural churches typically have simple designs that depict the faith of the denomination and a straightforward structural approach. However, churches that host regional offices typically have spacious and complex facilities to accommodate all the officers and large congregations.
The artistic techniques also differ widely based on the social differences among the congregants and the functions handled by the church. Modern churches have also evolved to address the needs of the immediate society. For example, most Seventh-day Adventist churches tend to have hospitals, schools, and facilities for individuals with special needs, helping the church meet the non-spiritual needs of their communities.
Moreover, some churches have also provided recreational facilities, such as hotels and sports centers, to help address the social and economic needs of their congregants, thereby offering better opportunities to provide spiritual guidance to believers. The approaches used by the Jews have changed over the years while maintaining their original beliefs. Most synagogues are oriented towards Jerusalem, as this is a requirement for all places of worship.
However, the lighting systems are open for architectural interpretation of the environment and how each part of the temple can be illuminated. Modern designers used glasses that let light enter the inner worship halls, especially toward the altar. The designs vary from one place to another and are based on the social needs of the synagogue. Additionally, many synagogues have also incorporated modern technologies such as sound systems and video projection to enhance the worship experience for congregants. These advancements have enabled synagogues to adapt to the evolving needs of their communities while preserving traditional elements, such as a focus on Jerusalem and decorative carvings and mosaics.
Case Studies
In evaluating the contemporary case studies of sacred architecture, the following criteria of evolution should be considered: innovative use of light, symbolism, functionality, aesthetics, cultural factors, flexibility, and inclusivity. Innovative use of light refers to the creative application of light in architecture, departing from traditional design approaches. Claassen asserts that the symbols used should be meaningful and represent the specific faith’s religious beliefs and practices. The functionality provides a space for worship and other religious activities while being accessible and accommodating the community’s needs.
Aesthetics should also be considered, with the architecture having a harmonious balance between form and function. Cultural context is crucial, as the architecture should be sensitive to the civilization in which it is built, taking into account the local community’s history, traditions, and customs. Flexibility, as architecture should be, allows for changes and adaptations to occur in the future as the community’s needs evolve.
Sancaklar Mosque
The Sancaklar Mosque, designed by Emre Arolat Architects, is a distinctive and contemporary interpretation of traditional mosque design. Located in the suburban neighborhood of Büyükçekmece outside of Istanbul, the mosque was designed in response to the recent debates regarding mosque architecture, instead focusing on the essence of God. The mosque is situated in a secluded location, away from the bustling city, to provide a peaceful and serene atmosphere that fosters a sense of divine presence.
The mosque is surrounded by high walls that enclose a park, with a courtyard located on the upper level. This courtyard serves as a designated boundary between the noisy outer parts of the park and the peaceful internal worship space. The inner part of the mosque is designed to resemble a cave, creating a dramatic and awe-inspiring atmosphere that allows faithful believers to experience a solitary and contemplative moment with God.
One of the critical features of the Sancaklar Mosque is the slits and fractures along the building’s Qibla wall, which direct worshippers towards the correct direction when offering their prayers to God. The Qibla wall is also designed to be strongly lit by natural daylight, which filters into the prayer hall, creating a serene and contemplative atmosphere. This design feature serves a religious purpose and adds to the mosque’s aesthetic appeal.
The Sancaklar Mosque is a prime example of how modern architects can take inspiration from traditional mosque designs while incorporating new and innovative features. The architects behind the project have successfully created a functional and visually stunning space that serves the community’s spiritual needs, while also being a remarkable architectural masterpiece. The mosque serves as a reminder of how architecture can be used to evoke a sense of awe and wonder, and how it can be utilized to foster a spiritual connection between individuals and their faith.
Additionally, the mosque has been designed to be energy efficient by providing natural ventilation, light, and insulation. The building is designed to be thermally comfortable in both summer and winter by utilizing the thermal mass of the concrete walls and floors, as well as the thermal insulation of the roof. The mosque also has a rainwater harvesting system to water the surrounding garden. The use of sustainable design elements in the mosque not only helps reduce the building’s environmental impact but also promotes environmental consciousness within the community.
The Sancaklar Mosque is a modern and innovative interpretation of traditional mosque idea, addressing current discussions and controversies in mosque architecture and prioritizing the essence of God. It is a prime example of how architects can blend traditional and modern elements in mosque design, promoting spiritual connection and environmental consciousness in the community. The mosque is a stunning architectural achievement that inspires awe and serves the spiritual needs of the community.
Santa Ana’s Chapel
The Santa Ana’s Chapel is a unique and contemporary religious structure designed by e|348 Arquitectura. The chapel’s design is characterized by its amphitheater shape, which creates an open and celebratory environment for worshippers. The chapel’s exterior is designed with an organic profile, which not only enhances the building’s aesthetic appeal but also improves the acoustics and sound propagation within the chapel. The chapel’s L-shaped design was chosen to optimize the space for different programs and events. The building is developed on a single level, with varying heights leading up to the altar’s location.
The entrance to the chapel is located towards the West, which is symbolic of the direction the worshippers should face when they pray. The image of Santa Ana is placed at the entrance to the chapel, creating a space for worship and focus on the divine presence. The use of light in the chapel’s design is particularly noteworthy, as it can be used to depict the building’s religious significance. For example, the perforations at the São Pedro das Águias create the correct ambiance for meditation and spiritual contemplation. Additionally, the light controls the interior of Ronchamp, further helping believers feel the presence of God.
The Santa Ana’s Chapel is a major example of how modern artists can take inspiration from traditional chapel designs while incorporating new and innovative features. The chapel serves as a beautiful architectural masterpiece that serves the community’s spiritual needs and promotes a sense of spiritual connection between individuals and their faith.
It also serves as an example of how architecture can be used to create a sense of awe and wonder, and how it promotes environmental consciousness within the community. The chapel is not only a place of worship but also a place of inspiration and contemplation, where people can come together to connect with their faith and with each other. Light is effectively used in the building’s design to convey its religious significance.
Generally, Santa Ana’s Chapel is a unique and modern interpretation of traditional chapel design that addresses current discussions and controversies surrounding the architecture of chapels. Instead of focusing on traditional design elements, the chapel emphasizes God’s essence and the community’s spiritual needs. The chapel’s design incorporates an amphitheater shape, an organic form, and an L-shaped layout, which optimizes the space for various programs and enhances acoustics and sound propagation.
Ohel Jakob Synagogue
The Ohel Jakob Synagogue is a stunning example of contemporary architecture that seamlessly blends traditional and modern design elements. The architects, Wandel Hoefer Lorch + Hirsch, aimed to create a natural Jewish center that would be accessible and open to the community, fostering interaction and integration between believers. The synagogue is the main feature of the building. It is oriented towards the East, a traditional aspect of Jewish architecture.
The use of a closed stone base adds to the durability and longevity of the structure, which is a fitting representation of the constancy of the space as a place of worship. The use of a filigree glass and steel structure rising from the center of the building provides a unique and modern take on the traditional design, while also providing ample illumination to the synagogue’s interior. The filigree symbolizes Solomon’s temple, which depicts the space’s constancy as a place of worship.
One of the most striking features of the Ohel Jakob Synagogue is the use of metal mesh and glass in the prayer room. It allows for natural light to easily penetrate the interior of the building, creating a sense of openness and connection to the outdoors. The use of travertine in varied shapes, with undressed, natural stones framing the base of the structure, adds to the building’s natural aesthetic. Additionally, the use of polished stones precisely to reflect light and shadows in different ways is a clever design feature that adds to the desired illumination and overall ambiance of the synagogue.
The Ohel Jakob Synagogue is a beautiful architectural masterpiece and a symbol of the positive relationship between Jews and their neighbors in Munich. The architects successfully created an inclusive and welcoming space for all community members while preserving the traditional elements of Jewish architecture. The building is a key illustration of how modern architects can take inspiration from classic designs while incorporating new and innovative features to create a unique and visually striking structure.
The Ohel Jakob Synagogue is a perfect example of how architecture can promote a spiritual connection between individuals and their faith. The building serves as a place of worship and a community center, where people can gather and connect. It is a testament to the power of architecture to bring people together and create a sense of belonging. Furthermore, the Ohel Jakob Synagogue also serves as an example of how architecture can be used to promote environmental consciousness.
Using natural materials and ample natural light creates an energy-efficient space and encourages a connection to the natural world. The architects have successfully created a building that is not only visually stunning but also environmentally responsible. Travertine is utilized in varied shapes and forms, with undressed original stones that surround the base of the structure. Moreover, polished stones are specifically used to reflect light and shadows in multiple ways to achieve the desired illumination.
Discussion
The analysis of the scholarly materials reveals that the Abrahamic religions have specific ideas and beliefs that shape their architectural approaches. Light is one of the most profound aspects of religion, particularly symbolizing God’s presence and His essence. It represents good, beauty, and everything else that is positive in life. Light is used in Judaic architecture as an extension of the spiritual attributes associated with it.
Thus, the symbolic link between architecture and light is the sacredness of the spaces for worship among the Jews. The presence of light in the Jewish temple indicated the presence of God, and modern architecture employs specific design approaches to ensure that the Most Holy Place, or the Bimah, is always illuminated. The Ohel Jakob Synagogue further illustrates the role of light in Judaic worship spaces, showing why architectural designs must provide the maximum possible illumination into the synagogues.
In Christianity, Light symbolizes God based on several textual contexts. Modern architecture employs various illumination approaches to achieve the optimal amount of light within specific areas of the church. The building of the churches mostly gives the initial impression of divine holiness. The design typically features a longitudinal topology to highlight the direction and path that believers are supposed to follow, thereby focusing their attention on the worship space.
Most modern churches follow traditional designs, featuring a dome over the altar, where the bishop offers prayers and delivers sermons to the worshippers. Santa Ana’s Chapel features a typical architectural design that achieves the desired lighting within both the external and internal parts of the chapel. This helps to create a space where the believers tune their minds to the movement of the divine presence, making it easier for them to meditate on their specific issues.
The Islamic religion has the most profound definition of light and its role in the spiritual realm. Even though religion has low symbolic representations, light has been used over the ages to represent the presence of God in worship spaces. The mosques are constructed with detailed attention to the role of light in creating an area conducive to connecting with the Spirit. For instance, the Sancaklar Mosque demonstrates how carefully illumination has been achieved through a combination of natural lighting and modern systems. The use of natural lighting at the Qibla wall indicates the presence of God in the space.
Moreover, the architectural approach to constructing mosques in secluded places and utilizing a cave-like system demonstrates Islam’s respect for traditional religious practices and its use of natural phenomena to convey the essence of God in places of worship. In conclusion, the study of scholarly materials reveals that each Abrahamic religion has distinct ideas and beliefs that influence its architectural approaches. Light plays a significant role in symbolizing the presence of God and His essence in these religions. The use of light in religious architecture varies across different religions, with each tradition having its specific ways of incorporating light into its worship spaces.
Conclusion
This study has explored the architecture of Abrahamic religions and the use of light to demonstrate the presence of God in worship spaces. All three religions are monotheistic and have a high regard for the company and manifestations of God through light. Muslims have a profound understanding of light, which transcends the visible and extends to the invisible, ever-present God. Thus, religion uses light to represent God, knowledge, wisdom, and messengers sent by God. However, Islam does not use symbols or physical objects to represent God.
On the other hand, Christians also regard light as a representation of God and as a symbol of all the positive aspects of life. Christianity teaches that God is Light, and that His word and knowledge, which He imparts to the followers of Jesus Christ, are also Light. Thus, the architecture utilizes light to depict God’s presence and the indwelling Spirit within the worship spaces. Modern architects employ various lighting approaches to create serene spaces for believers to connect with the divine presence. The evolution of architecture has made it possible for synagogues to be designed in such a way that the places of worship, particularly the bimah, can have natural light at all times to designate the presence of God.
Light serves as a core spiritual symbol in the architecture of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, often representing the divine presence. In Judaism, light signifies the divine presence, leading modern synagogue design to use specific techniques to keep the bimah (the sacred focal point) constantly illuminated, as exemplified by the Ohel Jakob Synagogue.
Similarly, Christian churches use light to symbolize God, employing various illumination strategies to highlight areas such as the altar. Churches often feature a long, longitudinal layout to guide worshippers toward the altar, which may be beneath a dome. Santa Ana’s Chapel is renowned for its lighting, which fosters meditation and a sense of connection to the divine.
Islam also uses light to represent God’s presence in mosques, where detailed attention is paid to creating a serene space for prayer. Examples like the Sancaklar Mosque show how both natural and modern light systems achieve this effect. Furthermore, mosques are sometimes constructed in secluded or cave-like settings, mirroring ancient religious traditions.
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