Introduction
Life in the late Middle Ages had numerous characteristic aspects to it. By analyzing the characters of The Canterbury Tales by Chaucer, readers may sometimes identify common attitudes and experiences of that time. In The Canterbury Tales, three characters satirically embody corresponding medieval life aspects: religion’s perception through the Pardoner, peasant class attitudes through the Miller, and female role in the society through the Wife of Bath.
The Pardoner: Religion
Institutional Corruption
The first insight into medieval life can be seen through the Pardoner’s character in the context of the Church. Despite presenting himself as holy and non-materialistic, the Pardoner gladly accepts material offerings: silver, gold, personal belongings in exchange for writing indulgences which, he claims, will guarantee the entry to heaven. Moreover, he offers anyone willing to see, touch, and witness the relics, but only after receiving the payment. The Pardoner is not ashamed in the least of his profession – he even shares his ‘tricks of trade’ with travel companions along the way. Through all these actions, the Pardoner embodies the institutional corruption in the medieval Church. Thus, by understanding the author’s mocking portrayal of the Pardoner’s abhorrent behavior, the readers may gain insight into the state of the religious institutions.
Personal Sins
The medieval church criticism continues with the ever-expanding list of the Pardoner’s personal sins. The fact that the Pardoner is a crook is clear since he openly admits to preaching with the sole purpose of satisfying his greed. By giving the ingenuine sermon and showing explicitly fraudulent relics only after receiving monetary compensation, he defies the very nature of his preaching. Again, in telling his story, the Pardoner does not hide that he preaches against the very vice that he is guilty of – avarice. For instance, in citing a Latin expression, the Pardoner states that he consistently believes that the root of all evil is greed. The Pardoner’s character masterfully preaching despite all his sins and being unfit for the job represents the Church’s hypocrisy. Overall, the personification of sins in the form of the Pardoner’s vices presents another way to get an insight into the medieval religious dynamics.
Ambiguity
The last aspect of medieval religion that the author satirizes through the Pardoner’s character is its obscurity. The Pardoner is described as characteristically non-masculine, with a high-pitched voice and the lack of facial hair. The narrator goes as far as to question whether the Pardoner was a male or a female. According to da Costa, these body descriptions are intentionally shown as anomalous in the physical nature. By describing the Pardoner’s body in so much detail, the author draws readers’ attention to how much of it is hidden from the public. Da Costa further argues that the Pardoner’s body is analogous to a religious relic, in the sense that it is impossible to know what is hidden underneath the layers of fabric. The Pardoner’s deceiving and ambiguous body descriptions thus may reflect the lack of transparency and clarity in the medieval Church.
The Miller: Peasant Class
Class Conflict
One of the most prominent aspects of life in the medieval world was its separation by classes, and the peasant class is echoed in the narrative by introducing Robyn the Miller. Upon having “the worthy Knight” tell his tale, the Host invites Sir Monk to speak, but the Miller, being utterly drunk, rudely interjects and begins telling his own story. In describing the Miller as drunken, uncourteous, almost primitive, a stereotype of a lowly peasant community emerges in contrast with the ‘worthy’ noblemen. Miller’s physicality is further highlighted in an unflattering contrast with his intellect by detailed feature descriptions, from a wart on his nose to his wide mouth. Moreover, the interjection itself is significant, representing the conflict between the nobility and the peasantry in medieval England. Interrupting the Knight may reflect the tensions between classes at that time. Hence, the exaggerated realism of Miller’s description provides an insight into the medieval perception of working-class dynamics and their disparity from the nobility.
Distrust of Progress
Another aspect of medieval life that Miller’s character embodies is the characteristic distrust of the common folk in something unfamiliar. Throughout the narrative, the Miller is portrayed in an unflattering light, accused of lechery and theft. His other vices, like dishonesty, are further described as reflecting his profession as a miller. Such a description goes hand-in-hand with the prevalent at the time image of the mill as a token of exploitation and deception and the miller as a fraudulent trickster. Moreover, Parsons confirms that the fear and distrust of millers stemmed from the society siding against devices they did not understand – machinery like mills were regarded just as deceptive as millers themselves. Hence, Miller’s persona description reflects another aspect of peasant class life: the tension and distrust that the majority felt toward the millers in particular.
The Wife of Bath: Female Role
Sexualization
The overall image of Alison the Wife of Bath’s character being sexually frivolous and lustful provides an insight into some of the ways women were viewed in medieval times. The Wife of Bath describes herself as lusty, pretty, rich, young, and unsettled, at least not for her husband. She even suggests that she could fare even better in life has she been allowed to sell her “belle chose”. By ‘belle chose,’ the Wife of Bath most likely means her private parts, thus unapologetically stating the information that would usually be unsaid. However, the sentiment of the narrative is far from supportive of her intentions.
There is much disapproval in the way Alison’s character is described. Chaucer’s account of the pilgrimages in which the Wife of Bath has participated, from Jerusalem to Cologne, stands in this tradition of criticism. This account is surrounded by the narrator’s remarks about the aspects of the Wife of Bath’s appearance that point to her sexual history in the form of a snide commentary. Medieval preachers link manifestations of female pride and hypocrisy to their alleged sexual misbehavior; in their view, women behave, speak, and dress extravagantly not just to show off but to arouse male lust. The overall strong sentiment of judgment around the Wife of the Bath’s sexuality presents a clear ‘snapshot’ of the prevalent societal views at the time.
Misogynous Tradition
The Wife of Bath’s character demonstrates the extremes of feminine-self authorization by the medieval standard. For instance, she openly questions the common religious marriage requirements and criticizes the tradition of virgin brides. Moreover, the Wife of Bath shows vocal resistance to authority like her husband when she gets beaten for tearing a page out of a book. However, neither of these instances is presented in a tone that would allow for reading the narrative as genuinely supportive. Karras recounts that the honor of a woman as a mother, a wife, and a person was largely dependent on her sexual ‘reputation’. Moreover, women were commonly criticized for scolding and arguing with their husbands; this context allows readers to perceive Alison’s independence negatively. Eventually, Wife of Bath’s character only reinforces misogynist stereotypes of the time, providing an insight into the life of a woman.
Cloth-making
The last aspect of the perception of women in the late Middle Ages is clothing. The Wife of Bath’s character having a high social status is evident from her possession and manufacture of fine clothing. Moreover, Alison is acutely aware that she is judged based on her appearance. In describing the Wife of Bath’s behavior, the mockery of vanity, pride, and lust collide – if someone else’s work surpassed hers, she would instantly be furious. Clothing was a highly symbolic attribute in medieval towns – and Alison’s dressing style has moral implications in the eyes of the narrator. The emphasis placed on clothing perhaps reflected England’s emphasis on manufacturing and exporting clothing at the time. However, more importantly, this aspect of Alison’s persona further reflects the judgemental attitudes toward women.
Conclusion
The literary form of the narrative, which introduces each of Chaucer’s pilgrims, possesses several characteristics of medieval class satire – a moralistic mockery of the three broad strata of medieval society: the Church, peasantry, and nobility. These social classes are correspondingly represented by the Pardoner, the Miller, and the Wife of Bath, which represent three various life aspects. The major life aspects covered were attitudes towards religion through the Pardoner, representatives of peasantry one could meet through the Miller, and perception of the female societal role through the Wife of Bath. The Pardoner demonstrates the perceived corrupt, obscure, and hypocritical nature of the religion. The Miller represents one of the types of laborers, highlighting the working-class conflicts with the noblemen and peasant class attitudes. Lastly, the Wife of Bath’s mockery regarding her sexual escapades, combativeness, and clothing reflects the overall misogynistic sentiments of the time. Each character is represented in a thoroughly detailed and highly judgemental narrative, with exaggerated features that allow to approximate some of the life aspects in the late Middle Ages.