Why the Article is Quantitative
The selected research article offers quantitative research because it has been deployed to quantify the problem using data in numerical form to generate important and useable statistics. Such studies help in offering numerical interpretations of people’s actions, thoughts, judgment, and other explicit elements. Quantitative research generalizes the results from a more expansive sample population. Quantitative studies employ data, which is computable for information gathering and/or revealing trends in a particular field of study. Moreover, techniques of gathering information in the quantitative analysis are well-thought-out compared to facts assortment designs of descriptive studies.
Title of the Article
The research article is titled ‘Nurse Exposure to Physical and Nonphysical Violence, Bullying, and Sexual Harassment’. Being authored by Paul E. Spector, Zhinqing E. Zhou, and Xin Xuan Che, the article was published by Elsevier Ltd in 2012.
Research Problem and Purpose
The current research is trying to resolve the problem of nurses’ exposure towards different types of violence, namely, source, setting, and world aggression. The authors provide a statement about this area of interest or the difficulty to be eliminated, namely, violence among nurses. Any troubling query in scholarly literature leads to the need for deliberate investigation and meaningful understanding.
The problem statement in this article introduces the reader to the importance of the topic of study by placing the problem into a specific context, which defines parameters of the investigation at hand. Also, the problem statement has been given to provide the necessary framework for result reporting. It expresses the requirements to enhance the research and/or explain how the findings of violence in the nursing field will give a presentation of this information.
Literature Review
Spector, Zhou, and Che (2014) knew that nurses’ exposure to various types of violence has been researched. More than 100 articles that have already been published provide the degree of violence that caregivers encounter. The analysis of these specific studies gives the estimates of violence occurrences globally or as a breakdown that involves the situation, timeframe of the study, global expanse, and foundation.
Globally, an average of 33% of nurses has experienced bullying and physical violence while around 66% of nurses have had an experience with nonphysical violence while 25% have had sexual harassment exposure. For example, when the timeframe is unlimited during a nurse’s entire career, the exposure rates are exceedingly higher. The violence rate depends on the world region and location. Hence, corporal aggression is highly rampant in elderly wards, urgent situation units, and psychiatric wards. Moreover, the authors are aware that in almost all amenities, other than the geriatric facilities, incidents of nonphysical violence occur to a tune of around 81%.
The studies for sexual violence and bullying are minimal while some settings have no such studies at all. Here, the authors are not aware of the extent to which the violence is based on nurses’ sexual characteristics. Violence among nurses can also be under-reported. The tendencies of under-reporting also differ within different regions. For instance, Middle Eastern women are very hesitant to report harassment, which is sexual. Ultimately, the sources of violence are also dependent on the region. For instance, nonphysical violence is meted by various sources while physical is predominantly by the patients (Spector et al., 2014).
Research Objectives, Questions, and Hypothesis
This paper provides a quantitative appraisal whose objective is to approximate the exposure levels concerning the type of aggression regarding the surroundings, the basis of the brutality, and the global faith where the hostility is prevalent. The study seeks to answer the question, ‘Do nurses have different physical and nonphysical violence levels of exposure?’ The hypothesis for this study is that nurses have different physical and nonphysical violence levels of exposure. The independent variables are the nurses while the region in the world, the timeframe for the study, the setting, and finally the sources are the dependent variables.
Research Design
According to Spector et al. (2014), the research design was experimental where electronic searches were conducted to provide information regarding nonphysical and physical violence occurrences from numerous databases. The search terms included hostility, sexual aggravation, discrimination, workplace brutality, and nursing or nurse. Deducing from the abstract, the acquired 271 papers looked promising. The papers were analyzed using the inclusion criteria where the incorporated articles had to be in English. The articles reported the rates of violence against nurses as a percentage of the sample. Surveys were also done on practicing nurses using cross-sectional methods where all variables were assessed concurrently. The data was given by the target nurse.
Population and Sample
From a sample of 160 articles, 136 remained after selecting the articles that passed the set criteria. The samples reported data from 151, 347 nurses internationally.
Data Collection
Data was collected through various methods such as text investigation with the help of PsycInfo and CINAHL among other information stores.
Limitations
Some of the nurses in the survey could not disclose information regarding the violence they had experienced. This limitation distorted the outcome of the survey.
Conclusion
The majority of nurses worldwide experience violence. Approximately 35% of them have confirmed to have encountered discrimination and corporeal aggression while another 34% of them have experienced damages. Besides, 25% of caregivers face gender-based aggravation. Physical violence is highly prevalent in Anglo countries while nonphysical aggression is high in Middle Eastern countries.
Reference
Spector, P., Zhou, Z., & Che, X., (2014). Nurse exposure to physical and nonphysical violence, bullying, and sexual harassment: A quantitative review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 51(1), 72-84.