Introduction
Nowadays, the field of healthcare experiences not only significant advancements in the research of specific complex conditions and the introduction of treatments that can help either control the disease or cure it. One such condition that is undergoing significant study is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), more specifically, type 2, which only several decades ago was considered incurable. Identifying the epidemiology, symptomology, and pathophysiology of the virus made it possible to find treatments that help manage the disease and educate patients.
Ways of Transmission
Before discussing the symptoms and treatments of HIV, it is necessary to define it. The human immunodeficiency virus, which can be divided into HIV-1 and HIV-2, is the root cause of this transmissible illness (Justiz Vaillant & Gulick, 2022). HIV-2 is a West African strain that is substantially less virulent (Justiz Vaillant & Gulick, 2022). Moreover, it is noteworthy that HIV-2 shares antigens with immunodeficiency viruses predominantly found in primates (Waymack & Sundareshan, 2023). Sexual contact, blood transfusions, and multiple use of intravenous needles are all ways that HIV-2 can be spread (Waymack & Sundareshan, 2023). As a result, coming into contact with fluids that contain the virus is the primary way of transmission.
Symptoms
The symptomology of HIV-2 is an ambiguous aspect that is worthy of research. Many patients might only have an asymptomatic infection following the exposure, meaning there will be no significant signs or concerns (Justiz Vaillant & Gulick, 2022). In most cases, it takes two to four weeks from exposure to the virus to the onset of symptoms, but it can sometimes take as long as ten months (Justiz Vaillant & Gulick, 2022). An acute retroviral syndrome is a collection of symptoms that can manifest suddenly (Justiz Vaillant & Gulick, 2022).
Fatigue, muscular aches, skin rashes, headaches, throat pain, enlarged lymph nodes, joint discomfort, and night sweats are a few of the symptoms (Justiz Vaillant & Gulick, 2022). However, tests must be used to obtain accurate answers regarding infection. Two types of tests are applied to check for HIV infection: screening tests and confirmatory tests (Waymack & Sundareshan, 2023). These lab tests seek specific antibodies (Waymack & Sundareshan, 2023). Professional evaluations can be crucial for patients at risk of infection and requiring treatment.
Treatment
Finally, it is crucial to understand the importance of therapy when dealing with the virus. HIV-2 must be treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) to reduce viral load and preserve CD4 cell levels (Waymack & Sundareshan, 2023). HIV therapy involves several drug combinations and is permanent. As the disease evolves, providers frequently send patients with HIV/AIDS to treatment to deal with persisting musculoskeletal, neurological, and cardiac deficiencies as well as discomfort associated with or exacerbated by this condition (Waymack & Sundareshan, 2023). As a result, education about the CD4 count level, the function of ART in preserving the patient’s immune system, and the adverse effects of drugs are all crucial topics to cover when communicating with the individual.
Conclusion
In summary, the HIV-2 epidemiological, symptomological, and pathophysiological details were all identified, making it feasible to develop treatments that reduce the symptoms of the illness and provide patients with information. HIV can spread through sexual contact, blood transfusions, and repeated intravenous injections. The average time between exposure to the virus and the development of symptoms is two to four weeks. Antiretroviral therapy is required for HIV to lower viral load and maintain CD4 cell counts.
References
Justiz Vaillant, A. A., & Gulick, P. G. (2022). HIV Disease Current Practice. National Library of Medicine. Web.
Waymack, J. R., & Sundareshan, V. (2023). Acquired immune deficiency syndrome. National Library of Medicine. Web.