The person inspected in this case study has purchased juice from a street vendor and developed abdominal cramping and diarrhea several hours later. By the end of the attack, she felt fatigued and had a headache, though her fever had disappeared. The most likely cause for the condition is an acid-base balance disorder, as the person is described as fit and healthy, but an explanation for the lack of earlier concerns becomes necessary. Fruit juices, particularly fresh ones, are known to contain high amounts of acids, which could have upset the balance and resulted in the symptoms the subject has displayed. This case study is devoted to discovering the specific condition present in the person and explaining its etiology.
The Condition
The balance of acids and bases can be skewed in two directions that correspond to the prevalence of one of the two types of substance. The two disorders that result from an imbalance are called acidosis when it is skewed towards acids and alkalosis for bases. Both conditions are further subdivided based on the symptoms they manifest. The primary categories for both conditions are respiratory and metabolic, though other variations associated with specific elements such as potassium exist. As the subject’s breathing was not affected in the attack, but she suffered from cramps and diarrhea, it is likely that her condition was metabolic in nature.
As mentioned above, the increase in severity was likely caused by an intake of a significant amount of acids. The violent reaction suggests that the disorder affecting the subject is alkalosis, as bases are known to react strongly to the presence of acids. “Alkalosis”(n.d.) supports the hypothesis, as its symptoms include nausea, muscle spasms, and others. As diarrhea is not listed as one of the symptoms, it is possible that it is a side effect, though according to “Alkalosis”(n.d.), it could also be the cause for potential hypokalemic alkalosis. Overall, the subject is most likely affected by one or several types of alkalosis.
Etiology of Alkalosis
Alkalosis can be attributed to a variety of causes, most of which do not apply to the subject of the study. “Alkalosis”(n.d.) identifies the causes of metabolic alkalosis as vomiting, diuretics overuse, adrenal disease, large losses of potassium or sodium in a short amount of time, antacids, bicarbonate injections, laxatives, or alcohol abuse. While detailed information on the patient’s lifestyle is unavailable, she is described as healthy and fit, which rules out most of the possibilities listed above. However, there is a possibility of rapid potassium or sodium loss in a short time frame if the diarrhea is viewed as a cause of the disorder rather than a symptom or consequence.
Potassium is contained in a variety of emissions from the human body, despite its vital role in the functioning of the organism. “Alkalosis”(n.d.) notes diarrhea as one potential way to lose dangerous amounts of the element in a short time frame. As such, it is possible that the subject got food poisoning from the juice purchased from a street vendor, which resulted in diarrhea and loss of significant amounts of potassium, leading to hypokalemic alkalosis. The condition then manifested as fatigue, headache, and abdominal cramps, but the effects were not severe due to the mild nature of the newly created imbalance.
Treatments and Prevention
Alkalosis is not an incurable condition, as it is a result of an imbalance between bases and acids and can be treated through changes in the prevalence of both substances. However, it should be noted that the acidity or alkalinity of blood is not significantly affected by food intake in the short term. As such, medicinal or supplemental therapy will be necessary to introduce sufficient amounts of potassium into the subject’s blood, a notion supported by “Alkalosis”(n.d.). It is unlikely that the condition has resulted in significant damage beyond the initial symptoms due to its recent appearance, and so it is doubtful that further treatment will be necessary.
While it is challenging to change the pH balance of one’s blood quickly, long-term dietary habits are primarily responsible for shaping it. As such, they are usually the main cause of most imbalances as well as the central target of prevention strategies. “Alkalosis”(n.d.) suggests carrots, bananas, milk, beans, spinach, and bran as the foremost sources of nutrients and potassium and advises staying hydrated as a strategy to avoid losing electrolytes. However, sodas and juices should not be considered hydration due to their sugar content, which can have the opposite effect. One should give special attention to water and the appropriate foods when affected by situations such as vomiting or diarrhea due to their tendency of draining potassium and electrolytes rapidly.
The Bicarbonate Buffering System
The human body has mechanisms in place to maintain an even balance between acids and bases. The primary method uses the so-called bicarbonate buffering system, which utilizes carbonic acid reactions and dissociation to add or remove acids from the system. According to “Bicarbonate buffer”(n.d.), when too many bases are present, excess hydrogen ions will react with bicarbonate ions and generate carbonic acid, which will then disassociate into water and carbon dioxide, and the process will occur in the other direction if acids are overly prevalent. The system works to continuously eliminate deviations from the overall balance and maintain a healthy pH balance, and disorders such as alkalosis and acidosis indicate its failure to function. The system is also employed in the formation of stomach acids.
Conclusion
The condition that affects the subject of the case study is most likely hypokalemic alkalosis. The probable cause is food poisoning from the juice she had bought from a street vendor, which led to diarrhea and rapid potassium loss. Short-term treatments consist of medication and supplements, while long-term approaches and prevention involve nutritious foods that are rich in potassium and consistent hydration. Lastly, the primary agent responsible for the maintenance of the blood’s pH balance is known as the bicarbonate buffering system, which uses carbonic acid to eliminate deviations from the optimal balance continuously.
References
Alkalosis. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/alkalosis
Bicarbonate buffer. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/bicarbo.htm