Introduction
“Letters Concerning the English Nation” is a series of essays written by the French philosopher Voltaire, who spent a significant amount of time in England in the early 18th century. The essays, in the form of letters, were written in English, a language Voltaire mastered during his stay and later translated into French. The work is a comprehensive analysis of English society and culture, covering a wide range of topics, including government, religion, science, and literature. Voltaire’s letters provide an insightful, albeit biased, perspective on the English society compared to his native French society.
Analysis of Voltaire’s Letters
Voltaire’s letters are characterized by his acerbic wit and sharp observations, which he uses to contrast English society with that of France. His letters highlight the virtues of English society, particularly its relative political and religious freedom. He lauds the constitutional monarchy, the balance of powers, and the freedom of the press in England. His admiration for the English political system is evident as he contrasts it with the absolute monarchy in France. This comparative analysis is not solely to extol the English system but also a subtle critique of the French society of his time.
Religion is another central theme in Voltaire’s letters. He admires England’s religious tolerance and contrasts it with the rigid Catholicism in France. England, in Voltaire’s view, fosters a society where diverse religious beliefs can coexist. This is reflected in his detailed discussions about the Quakers and the Anglican Church. However, Voltaire’s critique of organized religion is evident. He mocks the superstitious beliefs and rites, as well as the religious intolerance prevalent in both societies.
In the realm of science, Voltaire is particularly taken with the empirical philosophy of Francis Bacon, John Locke, and Isaac Newton. He is fascinated by their scientific methods, which are based on observation, reason, and experiment. His admiration criticizes the metaphysical speculations that dominated French academia. Voltaire’s portrayal of Newton as a genius also critiques the dogmatism of the French scientific establishment.
Voltaire’s letters also touch upon English literature and arts. He praises the works of Shakespeare despite his criticism of the English dramatist’s disregard for the classical unities of time, place, and action. He also admires the English for their love of theater and their appreciation of literature. His letters offer an insightful analysis of English literary tastes and trends.
However, Voltaire’s letters are not without their flaws. His observations are, at times, superficial and overly generalized. The letters reflect the views of a foreigner who spent just three years in England. Therefore, his views may not fully capture the complexity and diversity of English society. Furthermore, his admiration for England may be attributed to his disillusionment with French society rather than a genuine appreciation of English culture and society.
Voltaire’s bias toward English society is also evident in his selective focus on the positive aspects of English society while downplaying its problems. For instance, he does not adequately address the social inequality, poverty, and other social issues prevalent in English society. This selective emphasis and bias compromise the objectivity of his analysis.
Conclusion
In conclusion, “Letters Concerning the English Nation” offers a fascinating account of English society in the 18th century. While Voltaire’s sharp wit and insightful observations make his letters engaging and informative, his selective focus and bias undermine the objectivity of his analysis. Nonetheless, his letters serve as a valuable source of the social, political, and cultural history of the period.