Anderson’s Research (2009)
Conceptual Framework
The measurement of kidney function in people of older ages is rather difficult due to age-related changes.
Design/Method
The end-stage of chronic kidney disease has been analyzed.
Sample & Setting
The members of the sampling were approximately 75 years old with pre-clinical kidney disease.
Major Variables
The GFR-based criteria were studied to answer CKD-related issues.
Measurement
Estimating equations were calculated to assess the work of the kidneys and to determine the level of serum markers.
Data Analysis
The qualitative and quantitative data were gathered and analyzed to predict the appropriate treatment.
Findings
The highest incidence was in older men compared with women. Diabetes and racial origin were proved to be predictors of CKD.
Appraisal: Worth to Practice
The study requires further clinical trials of patients undergoing dialysis.
Balogun’s Research (2016)
Conceptual Framework
The study dwells upon clinical directives that enable identifying and controlling the CKD.
Design/Method
The authors applied a qualitative evaluation of the relevant sources and considered their application in terms of management postulates.
Sample & Setting
As the authors did not conduct original research, there was no sampling.
Major Variables
Comorbid conditions, CKD complications, nutrition, proteinuria, clinician’s support were studied.
Measurement
No measurements due to the research background.
Data Analysis
The qualitative data gained from the literature were analyzed, and the evidence-based guidelines were provided.
Findings
The study proved that early intervention is obligatory for reducing mortality.
Appraisal: Worth to Practice
The provided guidelines can be used as evidence for early clinical intervention.
Fox’s Research (2013)
Conceptual Framework
The study aimed at proving that early clinical intervention by physicians can significantly improve the wellbeing of patients.
Design/Method
The CRCT was used together with the analysis of cost and process.
Sample & Setting
The 2000 patients have been studied in the hospital environment.
Major Variables
The variables assessed included: ESRD, PCP, CDS.
Measurement
The patient-level information was measured.
Data Analysis
The clusters were analyzed using qualitative methods.
Findings
The “Translate” method was referred to as effective in patients with CKD.
Appraisal: Worth to Practice
The findings of the research enable practitioners to utilize the Translate method as an effective tool for health care provision.
Hogg’s Research (2016)
Conceptual Framework
It was considered that the CKD could be examined in the early stages.
Design/Method
Evidence-based information about the CKD in children and adults was gathered from various articles and analyzed to provide guidelines for practitioners.
Sample & Setting
As an initial investigation was not held, there was no sampling size or population.
Major Variables
The varied consequences of the CKD were studied in children and adults.
Measurement
No measurements due to the research background.
Data Analysis
The evidence-based literature was analyzed to provide further guidelines.
Findings
A five-step platform was developed that enables CKD assessment.
Appraisal: Worth to Practice
The summarized recommendations can be helpful when examining the early onset of kidney disease.
“Japanese Society of Nephrology” (2009)
Conceptual Framework
The goal of the research was to produce guidelines to reduce the number of CKD cases.
Design/Method
The therapeutic purposes included all the patients with the disease except for the ones having dialysis in place.
Sample & Setting
The 35 specialists were to conduct their investigations in the health care institutions they were currently employed in.
Major Variables
The patient’s lifestyle, nutrition, anemia, bone disorder, nephropathy, atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, and others were studied.
Measurement
Various lab tests were conducted and correlated to the reviews of the evidence-based literature.
Data Analysis
The mixed methods (qualitative and quantitative) were used to analyze the data.
Findings
The findings revealed that the onset of the CKD depends on various factors such as eating habits, lifestyle, heredity, the presence of diabetes, and others.
Appraisal: Worth to Practice
The summoned guidelines will help practitioners to treat the CKD patients effectively.
Murphree’s Research (2010)
Conceptual Framework
The study critically reviews the opportunity of eliminating risk factors to prevent the cases of CKD.
Design/Method
The research was based on the evidence collected from multiple studies.
Sample & Setting
No sampling data were available.
Major Variables
The proteinuria, blood pressure, tobacco abuse, bone metabolism, anemia, metabolic acidosis, and cardiovascular risks were studied.
Measurement
No measurements due to the research background.
Data Analysis
The authors did not provide enough information about data analysis.
Findings
One of the major findings is that health care specialists need to raise the health literacy of patients to achieve better treatment outcomes.
Appraisal: Worth to Practice
The evidence-based guidelines will support health care providers in patient management.
- CDS – computer decision support.
- CKD – chronic kidney disease.
- CRCT – cluster randomized controlled trial.
- ESRD – stage renal disease.
- GFR – glomerular filtration rate
- PCP – primary care physician.
References
Anderson, S., Halter, J., Hazzard, W., Himmelfarb, H., McFarland Horne, F., Kaysen, G., … High, K. (2009). Prediction, Progression, and Outcomes of Chronic Kidney Disease in Older Adults. JASN, 20(6), 1199-1209.
Balogun, R. A., & Bolton, W. K. (2016).Chronic Kidney Disease: A Brief Review for the Primary Care Physician. JCOM. Web.
Fox, C., Vest, B., Kahn, L., Dickinson, M., Fang, H., Pace, W., … Peterson, K. (2013). Improving evidence-based primary care for chronic kidney disease: study protocol for a cluster randomized control trial for translating evidence into practice. Implementation Science, 8(88).
Hogg, R. J., Furth, S., Lemley, K. V., Portman, R., Schwartz, G., Coresh, J., … Levey, A. (2016). National Kidney Foundation’s Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease in Children and Adolescents: Evaluation, Classification, and Stratification. Pediatrics, 111(6), 1416-1421.
Japanese Society of Nephrology. (2009). Preface: evidence-based practice guideline for the treatment of chronic kidney disease. Clinical and Experimental Nephrology, 13, 534–536.
Murphree, D. D., & Thelen, S. M. (2010). Chronic Kidney Disease in Primary Care. JABFM, 23(4), 542-550.