Anatomy and Regulation of the Circulatory System
The circulatory system is one of the body’s most essential systems and performs its vital functions. When considering its anatomy, it must be emphasized that it consists of organs such as the heart, veins, and capillaries (Bozzone & Whittemore, 2021). These organs interact closely to provide blood circulation to the human body. In particular, blood flows to the heart through the veins, and the capillaries supply it with oxygen. The heart acts as a mechanism for pumping, which causes blood to flow throughout the human body. The system generally involves transporting blood to and from the heart.
In addition, it is vital to note that this system’s primary source of regulation is called epinephrine (Bozzone & Whittemore, 2021). It is a hormone that directly interacts with the heart, allowing it to create impulses. As mentioned earlier, blood pressure, created by the heart, is a result of the work of the epinephrine hormone, which sends signals to the heart to produce these pulses (Bozzone & Whittemore, 2021). Hence, the circulatory system is a coordinated operation of many body organs, transporting blood and activating the heart.
Anatomy and Regulation of the Respiratory System
The respiratory system, as well as the circulatory system, is critical for the functioning of the organism. However, it performs other functions. In particular, the body receives the oxygen necessary for life due to this system. The lungs and respiratory muscles are used (Shandybina et al., 2022). Their coordinated work allows the body to obtain oxygen throughout human life. In particular, thankfully to respiratory muscles, oxygen enters the lungs and is excreted back from the body as carbon dioxide (Shandybina et al., 2022).
One should explore artificial methods when considering ways to regulate the respiratory system. According to Shandybina et al. (2022), “the methods include abdominal functional stimulation of respiratory muscles, diaphragmatic stimulation, phrenic nerve stimulation” (p. 1879). However, the body itself provides for specific ways of regulation. Among these are the respiratory center in the human brain and a group of particular neurons (Shandybina et al., 2022). Therefore, these neurons signal the body about the constant need to take oxygen.
The Influence of Exercise on Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
When a person performs active physical exercises, the body works differently. In particular, the organism needs to consume more oxygen because of increased breathing. Moreover, the blood starts to circulate faster due to the increased heart rate (Bozzone & Whittemore, 2021). These factors influence both the work of the respiratory and the functioning of the circulatory system. Particular attention should be paid to sympathetic division, which increases heart rate and increases cardiac output (Bozzone & Whittemore, 2021).
However, another parasympathetic division works the opposite by calming the heart and returning the blood circulation rate throughout the body to normal levels (Shandybina et al., 2022). The same processes occur with the respiratory system when breathing becomes more frequent after exercise, and the body requires more oxygen. It is important to emphasize that in this context, the two systems interact, as the increased lung activity allows for more oxygen to the blood, improving both systems’ performance.
Results
The findings depicted on the graphs reflect the different impacts of mild and moderate exercise on different body organs and systems. As expected, indicators such as heart rate and respiratory rate are influenced by the intensity of the exercises and have different effects during two-minute and five-minute pauses after the exercises.
Discussion
Results Summarizing
During the experiment, precise data were obtained regarding the functioning of various organs of the body, in particular respiratory and circulatory systems. By studying the results, it can be established that the heart rate was significantly increased during the exercise. After 5 minutes, the heartbeat would recover and work at the initial rate. Other processes involved diastolic, systolic, and mean arterial pressure, which increased slightly in the first seconds of the exercise and then gradually decreased. The effects of exercise on respiratory rate can be assessed as insignificant.
However, after moderate exercise, this indicator increased. An exciting body reaction to the exercise shows a graph regarding the effect on respiratory minute volume. The decline was observed after mild exercise, but a significant increase was observed after moderate exercise. The fall occurred during two minutes of rest, and after five minutes, the indicator began to return to its original state.
Comparing the Results with Expected from the Literature
The estimated results of such research, as described in Cardiorespiratory Fitness by Hasan Sözen (2020), are consistent with the findings of the respiratory and circulatory systems. It is expected that such indicators as heart rate and respiratory rate will increase as the intensity of exercise increases (Sözen, 2020). Therefore, it is essential to emphasize that the results obtained during the research are similar to those assumed in the book.
Factors That Might Have Resulted in Differences
However, it is crucial to distinguish between possible deviations and differences in the variables directly dependent on the conditions of the experiment. In particular, the performance of different types of exercises may differ. Therefore, it is essential to consider not only the intensity of the training but its type and which parts of the body will be involved in it. In addition, it is vital to measure the indicators after the exercises. Determining the trend and rate of increase or decrease in heart or respiratory rate will depend on how quickly the measurements occur. Clear time frames and intervals must be established to avoid such differences.
References
Bozzone, D., & Whittemore, S. (2021). The Circulatory System [3rd Ed.]. Infobase Publishing.
Shandybina, N. D., Kuropatenko, M. V., & Moshonkina, T. R. (2022). Regulation of Human Respiration by Electrical Stimulation. Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology, 58, 1879–1891. Web.
Sözen, H. (editor). (2020). Cardiorespiratory Fitness. IntechOpen.