Introduction
From the time a person is born, their cognitive development commences. Children and adults have short-term memory (recalling a small amount of database from a recent period) and long-haul memory (the capacity to remember information from a long time ago). Various parenting approaches are highly associated with impacting the child’s cognition and behavior (Hsu). The parental rejection and warmth determine the toddler’s conduct, while the guardian’s demandingness is related to improved child cognition. Different parenting styles impact children’s social, cognitive, and physical development.
Discussion
Neurotransmitters are essential in memory consolidation as they act as chemical communicators that carry a nerve’s message and exchange information between axons. The recurring neuron activities result in escalated transmitters in the synapses and highly effective synaptic connections, leading to memory consolidation (Hsu). The neurotransmitters, such as glutamate, play vital roles in cognitive functions, including learning, memory, and thinking. Therefore, neurotransmitters help ensure that the temporary memory is transitioned into an extensively stable and long-lasting form.
Notably, anterograde amnesia refers to the incapability to generate new memories. On the other hand, retrograde amnesia is the inability of a person to recall earlier imaginations (Hsu). For instance, in retrograde amnesia, an individual can remember a new database but cannot recollect events before the onset of the disorder. Regarding anterograde amnesia, a person cannot recall modern information but can remember activities before the occurrence of the mental illness.
The Deese, Roediger, and McDermott (DRM) activity is a false memory paradigm where the subjects (people) are manifested with semantically associated words, including hospital and nurse, during encoding. After a delay, individuals are questioned whether they can recognize or remember such words (Hsu). In the recognition memory version of DRM, people are interrogated whether they can recollect the earlier presented words and related but not showcased essential luring words. The DRM paradigm demonstrates short and long delays between memory testing and encoding. If the task’s retrieval and encoding elements occur simultaneously, the activity takes approximately 2-30 minutes (Hsu). Grounding DRM illusions on the semantic memory network activations may help a person remember the word list not presented for the study. The DRM memory defaults may not sufficiently mirror real-world false memories, including sexual abuse.
Engaging in physical exercises helps a person to recall information as it boosts thinking and memory implicitly by enhancing mood and minimizing anxiety and stress. The issues in these areas constantly contribute to or cause cognitive impairment, making an individual not remember the database (Hsu). Exercise improves one’s memory by escalating the molecular targets, such as the brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which elevates synaptogenesis, establishing new synapses that mediate memory and learning, making it simple for a person to absorb information. Frequent exercises increase the brain’s hippocampus size, which is responsible for verbal and learning memory, creating adequate space for an individual to recall databases.
Proactive interference occurs when a person cannot learn new information since the old database disrupts retrieval. For example, during the initial month of each year, people typically record and note the previous year when writing dates because they had constantly rehearsed the earlier year compared to the new one. On the other hand, retroactive interference happens when one cannot recollect the old database since the new information blocks its recovery and disrupts learning (Hsu). For instance, if a person is an actress, they must learn a new monologue for the given play and may forget the earlier monologues they had practiced for a different script.
The process of prenatal development occurs in three phases: germinal, embryonic, and fetal. The germinal stage commences at conception when the sperm fertilizes the egg, and the zygote starts progressing down the fallopian tube to the uterus and lasts 1 to 2 weeks (Hsu). During the embryonic stage, numerous changes, including brain development and basic human organs form, except the sexual ones. Once the cell differentiation completes, the fetal stage begins, where sex organs start to vary, neurons and reflexes are formed, heartbeats grow stronger, and the child fully develops until birth.
A toddler showcases different social, language, physical, and cognitive milestones. The language milestones for a 2-year-old include mentioning a few words. Socially, the child begins to play interactively with other toddlers. The physical development of the 2-year-old includes walking, crawling, rolling over, talking, and standing (Hsu). Some of the cognitive milestones children manifest as they reach two years include responding to different directions, playing with more toys and arranging them, and attempting to use switches and knobs. The social, language, cognitive, and physical milestones are primary indicators of whether the child may have developmental issues.
An uninvolved or neglectful parenting approach is an act of guardians’ failure to respond to their children’s desires and demands beyond shelter, clothing, and food. The toddlers receive minimal discipline, nurturing, and guidance from the parents, prompting them to raise themselves and make individual decisions. The uninvolved parenting style can impact the child in the long run, where they become irresponsible adults (Hsu). The characteristics of a neglectful parent include concentrating on personal problems, absence of emotional attachment, lack of interest in the child’s tasks, and not setting rules and expectations for their children’s behavior. For example, an uninvolved parent may not be interested in feeding, playing, or holding their baby and prefer leaving them under the care of their grandparents or spouse.
What best describes adolescence is how a young person transitions between childhood and adulthood and how they relate to the world by effectively managing their physical, personality, psychological, and social development changes. Between the ages of 10 to 19, adolescents encounter rapid psychosocial and cognitive growth and may exhibit deviant behaviors due to extensive peer pressure (Hsu). The adolescent stage is crucial for human development, and it is essential to have a reputable health foundation.
Primary and secondary sexual characteristics are the specific physical attributes that differentiate females and males in sexually dimorphic species. The primary sexual features are present at birth and involve the internal and external genitalia, including ovaries and vagina in females and testes and penis in males (Hsu). On the other hand, secondary sexual traits emerge during pre and postpubescent stages, such as breasts in ladies and beards in men.
Conclusion
A neglectful or uninvolved parenting style is the act of a parent’s failure to respond to their children’s needs and desires beyond food, shelter, and clothing. The cognitive, language, social, and physical milestones are core indicators for determining whether a 2-year-old child may have developmental issues in the future. The prenatal development process entails three stages: germinal, embryonic, and fetal. Participating in exercises helps an individual to recollect information as it boosts thinking and memory indirectly by enhancing mood and reducing anxiety and stress.
Work Cited
Hsu, Vivian. Introductory Psychology. Pressbooks, 2019.