Introduction
The eighteenth century reshaped European countries as new ideas and social movements dictated the direction of many nations. The actions of rulers such as Frederick II, Catherine the Great, and Joseph II created a way for European countries to modernize their societies (Spielvogel, 2021). The listed individuals were monarchs who used their positions of power to instill natural rights in their citizens.
Definition of Enlightened Absolutism
The key feature that defined monarchs who were described as enlightened absolutists was their adherence to principles stemming from philosophers of that era (Spielvogel, 2021). As the notion of divine right to the throne became obsolete, people strived to find a new meaning in authorities, who had to reshape the political systems to accommodate new societal norms. However, countries did not adopt the ideas from the Enlightenment era instantaneously.
Features of Enlightened Absolutism in European Monarchies
Prussia
Many states exhibited the characteristics of that time, although absolutism remained prevalent. In the example of Frederick II the Great, it can be seen how the Prussian monarchy accepted these changes. Not only did Frederick II invite Voltaire, a French Enlightenment philosopher, to his court, but he also adhered to his recommendations, banning most forms of torture and granting new freedoms to organizations and people (Spielvogel, 2021). However, the ideas regarding unconditional servitude to the King remained.
Austria
Joseph II of Austria followed a similar path, as he prioritized both the expansion of the Habsburg monarchical power and made philosophy the primary guide for lawmaking, abolishing serfdom and the death penalty (Spielvogel, 2021).
Russia
Catherine the Great of Russia also strived for reforms stemming from Enlightenment ideas. However, the local nobility hindered her plans for radical changes, which eventually caused a rebellion (Spielvogel, 2021). Despite achieving a few goals, rebels showed that there was a desire for similar shifts in Russian society.
Conclusion
In conclusion, enlightened absolutists in Prussia, Austria, and Russia were defined by their positive views on emerging philosophical ideas, although they remained in complete control of their countries.
Reference
Spielvogel, J. J. (2021). Western civilization (11th ed.). Cengage Learning.