Human Body Bones Anatomical Reference

Skull – consists of cranial and facial bones

Cranial bones – these contribute to the cranium, which encloses & protects the brain; note they are separated by jagged boundaries called sutures; there are 8 cranial bones (note there is a right & left parietal and a right & left temporal; (label the below bones in figures 7.2, 7.5A, 7.6a, 7.7, 7.9a, 7.11)

Parts of the mandible:

Condylar process – Each one of these *articulates with a temporal bone.

Vertebral Column

General structure of a vertebra (you will find the following on all vertebrae. (label the below structures in figure 7.18)

1. Body
2. Vertebral foramen
3. Transverse process
4. Spinous process

Specializations of cervical vertebrae include (label the below specializations in figure 7.19)

1. Transverse foramen; all cervical vertebrae (and only cervical vertebrae) have this pair of openings in their transverse processes
2. The atlas is the first vertebra, which possesses unique features because of its *articulation with the occiput of the head:

   1. Superior articular processes – These are shaped differently from those of any other vertebra to articulate with the contours of the occipital condyles of the skull.
3. The axis is the second vertebra, which has a unique structure to permit it to rotate the atlas and skull:

   1. The dens *articulates with the atlas at the inner surface of the anterior arch

Specializations of thoracic vertebrae (label the below specializations in figure 7.20)

Costal facets – All thoracic vertebrae (and only thoracic vertebrae) have costal facets (“costal” means “rib”). These special articular processes are *for articulation with the head of the rib.

Sacrum and coccyx – During development, the sacrum is formed from the fusion of five separate fetal vertebrae; the coccyx is the tiny, inferior bone commonly known as the “tail” bone. (label the sacrum and coccyx in figure 7.22)

Thorax

Consists of thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and ribs; label the below bones, parts, AND MARKINGS on figures 7.24 and 7.25.

Sternum – the “breast bone” consists of 3 parts:

1. Manubrium – superior, heart-shaped
2. Body – longest part
3. Xiphoid process – smallest part; occasionally absent, which indicates a younger person in whom ossification is not complete

Ribs – all ribs have the following structure:

1. Head – bulbous vertebral end, which *articulates with the body of the thoracic vertebrae.
2. Tubercle – knuckle-like projection just beyond the head, which *articulates with the transverse process of the more posterior thoracic vertebrae.
3. Body – the remainder of the rib’s length.

Appendicular Skeleton

The Pectoral Girdle: Label the Below Bones, Parts, and Markings on Figures 7.27 and 7.28

• Clavicle – There are two of these “collar bones”.

  1. Sternal end – more blunt end, shaped like a pyramid, for *articulation with the sternum.
  2. Acromial end – The opposite end is more flattened, and *articulates with the acromion process of the scapula (you’ll identify this bone next).
• Scapula – This is the “shoulder bone”.

  1. Spine – fin-like projections run across the entire posterior side of the bone.
  2. Acromion process – roughened projection of the spine; *articulates with the acromial end of the scapula.
  3. Glenoid fossa – shallow depression for *articulation with the head of the humerus.

The Upper Limb

Label the Below Bones, Parts, and Markings on Figures 7.29 and 7.30 & 7.32.

• Humerus – This is the upper arm bone.

  1. Head – This is the smooth spherical projection which *articulates with the scapula at the glenoid fossa.
  2. Olecranon fossa – This depression is in the posterior side of the distal end of the bone. It is for the reception of the “elbow”; it *articulates with the olecranon process of the ulna (studied shortly).
  3. Trochlea – This spool-shaped process is for *articulation with the ulna (in conjunction with the olecranon fossa).
  4. Capitulum – This rounded process is for *articulation with the radius (studied next); it is just to the side of the trochlea.

• Radius – In anatomical position, this is the lateral forearm bone.

  1. Head – This is the proximal, flat, round process. It *articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and laterally with the ulna.
  2. Styloid process – This lateral projection from the distal end is the bump that can be felt on your arm just before the wrist.
• Ulna – This is the medial forearm bone.

  1. Olecranon – This is the knob-like projection of the proximal end; the “elbow”.
  2. Radial notch – This lateral smooth structure *articulates with the head of the radius.
  3. Trochlear notch – This “crescent moon” structure *articulates with the trochlea of the humerus.
  4. Styloid process – Like its counterpart on the radius, but medial. This bump can be felt on the posterior forearm just proximal to the wrist.

• Carpals – There are 8 of these wrist bones, whose individual names you will NOT be required to learn.
• Metacarpals – “Meta” means middle. There are 5 of these palm bones.
• Phalanges (singular is phalanx) – There are a total of 14 of these “finger bones”.

  1. Proximal – Each of the five digits will have this as the one which articulates with its respective metacarpal
  2. Middle – there are only four of these, for digits 2-5.
  3. Distal – each digit will have this as the final segment.

The Pelvic Girdle

Label the Below Bones, Parts, and Markings on Figures 7.34 and 7.35.

Hip (coxal) bone – Two of these complicated bones comprise the pelvic girdle.

• Ilium – the most superior region articulates with the sacrum

  • Sciatic notch – This is the very large notch in the posterior, inferior pelvic border. The sciatic nerve (the longest nerve in the body) passes through this notch.
• Ischium – generally the inferior and posterior pelvic region
• Pubis – inferior and anterior pelvic region

  • Pubic symphysis –the surface where the right and left pubic bones join
• The following is not associated with any one of the three pelvic regions

  • Acetabulum – this large crater on the lateral side *articulates with the head of the humerus (which you will study next).

The Lower Limb

Label the Below Bones, Parts, and Markings on Figures 7.37 and 7.38 & 7.39.

Femur – the thigh bones:

1. Head – articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvic bone.
2. Greater trochanter – this large roughened projection is opposite the head
3. Lateral condyle – rounded knob-like projection from the distal end; *articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia (which you will study shortly)
4. Medial condyle – same as the lateral but positioned medially; *articulates with the medial condyle of the tibia (which you will study shortly) [note: you must orient your bone (right or left) before you can determine which condyle is lateral & which is medial]
5. Patellar surface – this is a smooth, shallow fossa on the anterior side for *articulation with patella or kneecap.

Patella – “kneecap”; The patella *articulates with the patellar surface of the femur.

Tibia – “shin bone”

1. Lateral condyle – outer smooth rounded half of the proximal end for *articulation with the lateral condyle of the femur. The lateral condyle also *articulates with the head of the fibula (studied next).
2. Medial condyle – inner half of the proximal end for *articulation with the medial condyle of the femur.
3. Medial malleolus – this distal projection forms the inner ankle. It *articulates with the talus of the ankle (studied shortly).

Fibula – the thinner, more lateral bone of the lower leg

1. Head – this is the more rounded proximal end that does not articulate with the femur. Rather, the head of the fibula *articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia.
2. Lateral malleolus – this distal projection forms the outer ankle. Like the tibia, it also *articulates with the talus of the ankle (studied next).

• Tarsals – These 7 bones are equivalent to the carpals. You do not have to know the names of all 7 but you should know:

  1. Talus – most superior tarsal bone; *articulates with both the calcaneus and the navicular
  2. Calcaneus – “heel bone”; the largest and strongest tarsal
• Metatarsals – These are equivalent to the metacarpals (“meta” means middle).
• Phalanges (singular is phalanx) – there are fourteen, just as in the hand; remember to give location & numbest

  1. Proximal
  2. Middle – not present in great toe
  3. Distal