Introduction and Background
Working from home (WFH) is not a new concept, as it has been a part of various workplaces for decades. However, the number of people operating their offices from home has increased significantly in recent times, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic forced the closure of many workplaces, leaving employers with no option but to allow their personnel to work from home (Bolisani et al., 2020). Additionally, advancements in technology have made it easier for people to work from home effectively and efficiently (Vishwakarma et al., 2019). Statistics show that working from home is gaining popularity each passing day.
The World Health Organization made it a requirement for all jurisdictions globally to allow people to work from home during the COVID-19 pandemic. The former led to an increase in the number of people working remotely. For example, in Italy, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the rate of individual WFH increased by 69% (Chirico et al., 2021). In the United States, by September 2021, 45% of full-time personnel worked from home, comprising 25% who worked from home full-time and 20% who worked remotely part-time.
45% of people working in the United States were an increase from 8.2% of persons with WFH before COVID-19 (Bick et al., 2020). In 2021, among individuals who worked from home in the U.S., 91% reported that they desired to continue working from home even after the COVID-19 pandemic (Saad & Wigert, 2021). Furthermore, 54% of staff reported that they believed their firm’s principles and performance would not change due to WFH, whereas 12% said it would improve, and 33% projected it would deteriorate.
In Germany, before the COVID-19 pandemic, only 4% of employees operated remotely; with the first lockdown in April 2020, the rate rose to 27%. In the United Kingdom, at the end of 2019, only 5% of employees WFH, but with COVID-19, the number rose to 43.1% in April 2020 (Taylor et al., 2021). These statistics show that working from home existed even before the novel coronavirus erupted in 2019. However, its levels grew during the pandemic, especially after the World Health Organization declared isolation and working from home as measures to manage the spread of the virus (Green et al., 2020).
Working from home requires technology, including devices such as phones, computers, and laptops, as well as an active internet connection, without which it becomes difficult to efficiently achieve any work-related goal. Advancements in technology, therefore, play a crucial role in the new shift to working from home. Upcoming quality, speedy, and easier-to-operate devices make it possible to operate from home (Revelo & Thoring, 2022). Technological companies must continue to innovate devices that make work easier every day.
Working from home is a necessity for certain populations worldwide. Illnesses and mobility restrictions can also necessitate working remotely (Schur et al., 2020). Individuals with various types of disabilities can work comfortably from home and contribute to economic growth (Schur et al., 2020). Additionally, those who stay far from their physical offices can cut travel costs (Ambikapathy & Ali, 2020).
Employers should, therefore, invest in creating an environment where part of the workforce can WFH. The latter will make it easier for managers to deal with unplanned or sudden events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Administrators can also adopt working from home as a means of decongesting cities and reducing pollution (Delventhal et al., 2022). Improvements in technology are expected to enable a large percentage of workers to operate from home, particularly those involved in administrative or data analytical tasks.
Although many people would love to work from home, they must weigh the benefits and challenges they will face. The advantages and disadvantages of working from home vary from person to person, as home environments differ from those in the workplace. People love WFH because they get to spend time with their families and create a balance between work and family life (Daud et al., 2021). Additionally, WFH reduces commuting costs and stress, which can reduce the level of workplace burnout (Aczel et al., 2021).
WFH also allows employees to create their own working schedules. The employer also reduces the expenses of sustaining employees at work, and some employers have recorded increased productivity from WFH (Daud et al., 2021). Employers also have the opportunity to measure the quality of work and the capabilities of each employee, particularly where workers are accustomed to working in a group setting in the office. Furthermore, WFH has led to innovations such as Zoom meetings, video conferencing, email, smart chairs, and voice recognition systems, among others.
In addition to the benefits, WFH equally has its fair share of challenges. WFH can be highly disruptive, especially for those who have children, the elderly, or ill loved ones they have to care for (Kooli, 2022). In addition, some workers might misuse the freedom to use their schedule, hence getting late to meet deadlines. It might not be easy for various workers to balance home chores with work, which can also lead to poor performance.
In addition, WFH requires a quality supply of internet (Guan et al., 2022). This might be a challenge for people living in areas with poor internet connectivity, as they may struggle to maintain a stable connection. Moreover, WFH can be challenging without colleagues’ support, particularly for employees who are used to executing their mandates in groups or with the help of others (Al-Habaibeh et al., 2021). It may take them a long time to adapt to the new normal, which can lessen their productivity. However, these challenges affect workers operating remotely differently, as home conditions vary significantly.
Among all the devices innovated to facilitate working from home are the smart chair and the voice recognition devices. A smart chair is primarily designed to help workers maintain healthy postures and avoid back pain and spinal cord injuries caused by prolonged, incorrect sitting positions (Matuska, Paralic, & Hudec, 2020). The chair is structured to contain flexible force sensors.
The Internet of Things (IoT) node based on Arduino connects these sensors to the system. The system then detects inappropriate seating positions and notifies the users (Tlili et al., 2021). In addition, a mobile application can be developed to receive notifications from the smart chair. The chair user receives feedback on their sitting posture and additional statistical data.
A Voice recognition system can also be installed in the smart chair, an added advantage to the user. According to Parsons (2017), speech recognition, also referred to as voice recognition, is the capability of a machine to understand spoken words. The voice recognition machine detects a person’s voice even with minimal noise interference in its vicinity.
When working from home using this technology, it is crucial to ensure that the environment is free from distractions, including noise. Voice recognition technology utilizes a Deep Neural Network (DNN) to convert the acoustic pattern of one’s voice at each instant into a probability distribution over speech sounds (Parsons, 2017). Therefore, the text accurately captures the worker’s pronounced phrases.
A combination of the smart chair and voice recognition technology can be a great way to achieve increased productivity while working from home and maintaining your health. Because the smart chair is a voluminous object with numerous elements, a robust communication system can be built into it to provide the chair with connectivity to other devices in the house. By utilizing the chair’s upholstery, it will be possible to integrate a variety of sensors that monitor indoor air temperature, humidity levels, and other environmental factors. At the employee’s request, voice recognition technology will be used to voice data from these indicators (Sen et al., 2019).
Noteworthy that it can memorize some features of the human voice and learn to be better (Suma et al., 2022). According to He and Deng (2022), speech is a highly variable signal characterized by numerous factors, and it is crucial to model it accurately enough for automated systems to achieve proficiency. It is therefore essential to understand how the combination of smart chairs and voice recognition technology can help enhance working from home while mitigating the disadvantages associated with it.
Aims
- To advance technology to improve productivity for persons working from home by integrating voice recognition and smart chairs.
- To mitigate the disadvantages of working from home, the use of a smart chair and a voice recognition-integrated device can be employed.
Purpose
This study aims to propose an innovation project that will combine smart chairs and a voice recognition project to improve the working conditions of people at WFH.
Objectives
- To investigate the impact of smart chair technology on persons working from home.
- To evaluate the effects of voice recognition technology on people working from home.
Literature Review
Objective 1
Various researchers have found that people are developing back pain and other conditions due to poor sitting positions at work. Huang et al. (2017) recognized the need to develop a solution addressing the issues mentioned above and design a smart chair capable of accurately monitoring the human body’s sitting behavior. The designed chair measured eight sitting postures of human subjects and transmitted the data to a computer for automatic recognition of sitting postures using an artificial neural network classifier.
The outcome of the experiment revealed that the chair was able to recognize eight sitting postures among humans with high accuracy. Huang et al. (2017) argued that by monitoring their sitting posture, employees can acquire and maintain healthy sitting behaviors, thereby preventing or reducing chronic illnesses triggered by poor sitting habits.
Employee sickness and absenteeism cost the employer and reduce a firm’s productivity. Matuska et al. (2020) aimed to address the issue mentioned earlier by proposing and developing a smart chair for use in the workplace. The researchers discovered that workers had major spinal pain as a result of poor sitting posture on the office chair. Matuska et al. (2020) structured a smart chair with six flexible force sensors. The Internet of Things (IoT) node based on Arduino was used to connect the chair sensors to the system.
The system then detected inappropriate seating positions and notified the users. Matuska et al. (2020) developed a mobile app in advance to acquire those notifications. The user was then able to acquire feedback regarding the sitting posture and additional statistical data. The information collected using this device helped improve the seating postures, which in turn reduced back and spinal code issues and other illnesses experienced before.
Many designers and innovators have developed various methods for creating smart chairs. Aminosharieh Najafi et al. (2022) designed, developed, and evaluated a new smart chair sensor system capable of identifying and translating workers’ sitting postures. The chair features eight pressure sensors, one placed on the sitting cushion and the other on the backrest. A board was designed from scratch to acquire signals from the pressure sensors and transmit the data through a Wi-Fi network.
Aminosharieh Najafi et al. (2022) evaluated the structured chair through an extensive sitting experiment involving 40 participants. The experiment’s findings showed that an echo memory network approach achieved the best accuracy of 91.68%. The researchers concluded that the smart chair sensor device is simple and versatile, low-cost and accurate, and it could easily be transported to other smart chair environments, both for public and private use.
Maintaining the correct posture while sitting in a chair is not easy, which is why the increasing number of employees is leading to an increase in back illnesses. It is due to the reason mentioned above that Kundaliya et al. (2022) proposed a cloud-based IoT-enabled smart chair that continuously monitors an individual’s seating posture and alerts the person when they are in an inappropriate sitting position, while also storing data in the cloud.
Kundaliya et al. (2022) argued that the database stored in the cloud aids medics in analyzing the main source of the issue linked to the spinal or joint. The researchers believed that better utilization of this smart chair would promote health and productivity, making it a valuable device for individuals working from home.
Many researchers in the field of smart technology and sensor applications have investigated the link between smart chairs and disease prevention. Vlaović et al. (2022) did a systematic review of articles published between 2010 and 2020. The databases searched were WoS CC, Scopus, and IEEE Xplore, with the keywords “smart chair” and “sensor chair”. Fifteen articles met the inclusion criterion.
The review’s findings revealed that the utilization of smart technology, combined with a better understanding of sitting posture, can be used to measure body pressure and determine body position, thereby acting as a preventive healthcare measure. According to Vlaović et al. (2022), smart chairs operate by discovering the correct heart rate and beats per minute, the activity of individual muscle groups, appropriate breathing, and approximations of blood oxygen levels.
The literature reviewed in this section has revealed that smart office chairs have been widely implemented and tested. The researchers discovered that smart chairs could go a long way in preventing back and spinal issues that can lead to other illnesses. The need to save workers from chronic problems that can be avoided necessitates many innovations. The latter is the reason for the current study, which aims to propose combining a smart chair with voice recognition to improve health and work outcomes.
Objective 2
Voice recognition is another system being utilized in offices to make work easier. The system has been implemented in other devices, and researchers have documented its impact on various aspects of human health. Yoshioka et al. (2019) described an online audio-visual speaker diarization approach that leverages face tracking and identification, sound source localization, speaker identification, and prior speaker information to enhance robustness against several real-world challenges.
Yoshioka et al. (2019) incorporated the above-mentioned constructs in a meeting transcription framework called Separate, Recognize, and Diarize (SRD). The findings of the experiment done among 11 participants showed that continuous speech separation advances a word error rate (WER) by 16.1%. The outcome also illustrated that when a comprehensive list of meeting attendees is accessible, the incongruity between WER and speaker-attributed WER is only 1.0%, demonstrating an accurate word-to-speaker connection.
Researchers and scholars have taken it upon themselves to innovate and test various types of voice recognition devices. Farhan (2018) designed and presented a system that utilized speech technology to control electronic devices attached to a PC. Phase one was the software part of the system, which accepted the voice signal from a microphone attached to the PC and completed speech recognition on the signal.
It also established operating commands from the recognized phrases and control devices attached to the computer ports. The second phase was a hardware logic circuit attached between the PC’s printer port and the devices being controlled. The designer found that the system provided both voice response and graphic display messages. The project revealed that voice recognition technology helps ease communication between two parties.
Mobile applications have been integrated into devices that utilize voice recognition systems. Zanwar et al. (2021) illustrated a non-traditional method of system control, focusing on speech recognition, using mobile apps and MATLAB. In all ways, life is becoming simpler with advancements in technology. The system consisted of a Wi-Fi control board, a relay circuit, and a mobile phone application. The device allowed the user to operate it by just sitting in one position. The experiment found that the system also helped in shutting and opening other machines with just a word of command. The outcome also showed that the system is a good energy saver because it reduces unnecessary energy consumption.
People with disability suffer more at work and school while trying to accomplish their work. Having voice recognition devices can help them do their work and assignments more easily. Darabkh et al. (2018) presented a speech recognition system that enabled students with arm disabilities to manage computers by voice, serving as an aid in the learning process. When a learner speaks into a microphone, their speech is structured into isolated words, which are compared with a predefined database of a vast number of spoken words to find a match.
Afterward, every documented word is interpreted in relation to its linked actions, which will be performed by the computer, such as opening a teaching application or renaming a file. Darabkh et al. (2018) proposed model techniques that achieved 98% accuracy in speech recognition, enabling students to complete their assignments with ease. Voice recognition technology requires continuous improvement, as technology is constantly evolving daily.
Research and development play a significant role in improving voice recognition systems by highlighting existing capabilities and identifying gaps that need to be addressed to keep pace with advancing technology. Voice recognition has been widely used in the crime and investigation sectors. Still, this technology has yet to be fully utilized in offices, despite the current level of technological advancements.
Yuichi et al. (2020) investigated the promotion of research and development in speech recognition technologies, as they believed that speech plays a considerable role in human endeavors, particularly in business. The researchers believed that improving voice recognition is necessary to support digital transformation in business, enhance conference speech recognition, and improve service delivery in call centers.
The above findings have revealed that numerous researchers and innovators are interested in technology, particularly in the advancement of voice recognition technology. Technologists have developed and tested various voice recognition systems, demonstrating that this technology enhances operations among workers and students. This paper proposes a combination of a smart chair and speech recognition to achieve the best outcome for people working from home.
Methodology
This study will utilize a systematic review research method, one of the most used research approaches in the healthcare field. This approach proposes finding and scrutinizing existing primary research and data to answer another study question. The model utilizes already documented investigation, otherwise known as ‘secondary research’ or (research on research), because it utilizes data from already done studies (Snyder, 2019).
A systematic review answers research questions by synthesizing all accessible information and examining the quality of the data. The approach is suitable for illustrating the current state of a situation by comparing the findings of several investigators (Thilakaratne et al., 2019). The design can produce both qualitative and quantitative results because it incorporates studies conducted using various study designs.
Systematic reviews rely on search engines where past studies are published to acquire information on what has been done before regarding the study question under scrutiny (Torres-Carrión et al., 2018). This method is suitable for this proposal because it will identify the available devices for smart chairs and voice recognition, providing a clear direction for implementing the proposal.
Future Impact and Significance
Advancing technology for persons WFH
This work proposes the integration of a smart chair and a voice recognition system to enhance working conditions for individuals working from home. This proposal is supported by the fact that a smart chair promotes high productivity while keeping employees healthy. The smart chair can record appropriate and inappropriate sitting postures, suggesting the proper positions that prevent back pain and spinal cord injuries, which are otherwise caused by poor sitting positions.
According to Darabkh et al. (2018), every employer should consider replacing traditional chairs for their workers with smart chairs, which can help reduce absenteeism caused by back pain and other related illnesses. The system also enhances productivity by preventing employees from frequently leaving their workstations to stretch their muscles.
Secondly, this proposal aims to incorporate voice recognition technology into the smart chair, as researchers and innovators have affirmed its potential to enhance office operations. The device reduces physical actions, such as typing on a computer. It makes it easy to send a clear message to a second party without having to deal with grammatical and typing errors.
Additionally, scientists believe that voice recognition devices can help in converting speech into text, enhancing employees’ multitasking capability, sustaining favorable working conditions in the office or room (Goyal et al., 2021); managing a smart home (Suma et al., 2022), leaving more working space on the worker’s desktop.
Reducing the Level of Disadvantages for WFH
The combination of these two devices into one system will go a long way in helping people work from home. This proposal hypothesizes that the integration of smart chairs with voice recognition will help deal with various disadvantages that come with WFH. For instance, the Voice recognition technology built into the chair can convert a person’s speech into text.
The former assists an individual working from home, saving time to concentrate on family, especially mothers with young children or elderly parents to care for. The study has shown that one of the challenges of working from home is balancing home chores with office work (Toniolo-Barrios & Pitt, 2021; Bellmann & Hübler, 2020; Palumbo, 2020). The new system will enable workers to complete their office tasks on time, allowing them more time to focus on their families.
This device will also enable employees to multitask. Multitasking is important for employees WFH because they lack support from colleagues to finish their assignments on time. Lack of support from fellow workers challenges people WFH, especially those who previously worked in groups (Van der Lippe & Lippényi, 2020; Kohont & Ignjatović, 2022).
The device will be designed to allow a person to send a message through their voice without having to spend a substantial amount of time typing on the keyboard. The sensors incorporated into the system will be crucial for maintaining optimal conditions in the working room, which will have a positive impact on human health (Goyal et al., 2021).
The Voice recognition part will be designed to constantly alert the user in case of changes in the norm. The proposed technology will help improve and control smart homes (Suma et al., 2022), and it will be connected to other parts of the house. For instance, if a worker is busy and cannot leave the workstation but has a boiling kettle, he can utilize voice recognition and remotely turn it off.
In addition to the benefits, this proposal hypothesizes that the system will reduce the disadvantages experienced by people working from home. The device will enhance communication through voice messaging among employees and non-colleagues who provide support to people working from home (Goyal et al., 2021). The system is also expected to increase interactions and efficiency among employees, reducing loneliness among workers operating from home (Romero-Fresco, 2020). WFH has been associated with increased loneliness, especially during the pandemic when there was an enforced lockdown in an effort to control COVID-19 (Setyorini et al., 2022; Yu et al., 2022).
Many people working from home developed depression and anxiety as a result of working and staying indoors without social interactions (Burn et al., 2022; Mohammed et al., 2022; Choi et al., 2020). The proposed device will enhance interactions between employees, even when working from home, thereby reducing feelings of loneliness. Supervisors will also have the advantage of monitoring and evaluating their employees through the data recorded in the device. The system will be designed to report employees’ progress to their managers at the main office.
The smart chair will help alleviate the issues of back pain and spinal cord injuries among employees caused by poor sitting posture in the office. The new technology will help posture correction, straighten the back, relieve hip pressure, improve blood circulation, reduce knee pain, prevent swollen and black feet, and boost productivity (Jeong & Park, 2020; Ishaku et al., 2019). This technology is expected to enhance employee productivity, simplify their work lives, and promote their health while working from home.
The technology will also be linked to other gadgets in the home, making it easier for the employee to control several tasks using a single system (Furui, 2018). Voice recognition can particularly control and manage many devices around the house (Machado & Davim, 2022). When different types of devices, such as phones, headphones, watches, and laptops, interact, their capabilities grow exponentially (Suma et al., 2022). The mentioned gadgets can be utilized by multiple workers simultaneously and controlled by voice recognition in each personnel’s chair. The former is expected to considerably increase an individual’s efficiency and make their work more comfortable.
Characteristics of Studies Reviewed
The researcher searched for information related to the impact of smart chairs and voice recognition systems on employees, particularly people working from home. The search was conducted in various databases, including BMC Public Health, Google Scholar, IEEE, Springer Link, Cengage Learning, Routledge, and PubMed.
To get more precise information for this study, the search was divided into two parts: the impact of the smart chair on working from home and the effects of voice recognition on working from home. The researcher believed it would be more effective to demonstrate the impact of smart chairs and the effects of voice recognition, illustrating how beneficial the combination of the two can be for individuals working from home.
The systematic review yielded 300 studies concerning the impact of smart chairs and voice recognition on people working from home. Out of the 300 studies, 250 were conducted on wheelchairs and were therefore eliminated for this reason. Thirty studies were excluded due to duplication, and ten more studies were eliminated because they did not align perfectly with the purpose of this study. The remaining ten studies met the inclusion criteria and were therefore included in the review.
Among the ten studies included, some were experiments on smart chairs and voice recognition. In contrast, others proposed developing either a smart chair or a voice recognition system to improve office operations, and only one was a systematic review.
Discussion
The systematic review revealed that scientists and innovators are embracing new technology and using it to improve working conditions. Smart chairs and voice recognition are among the technologies being redefined to match the evolving landscape, making work easier while also improving employees’ well-being. The smart chair has been innovated and adopted in offices to enhance the working conditions of workers by reducing back and spinal code issues that result in other illnesses (Huang et al., 2017; Matuska et al., 2020; Aminosharieh Najafi et al., 2022; Kundaliya et al., 2022; Vlaović et al., 2022).
The review also demonstrated that a voice recognition system is an effective means of enhancing communication among employees working from home. The experiments revealed that voice recognition devices save time typically spent on typing assignments and emails, thereby saving time and energy for workers (Yoshioka et al., 2019; Farhan, 2018; Zanwar et al., 2021; Darabkh et al., 2018; Yuichi et al., 2020). It is also proven to facilitate multitasking, as an employee can issue a command on one device while performing another task on a separate device.
Conclusion
The COVID-19 pandemic caught the world unawares, and to address its effects on health, many new policies were developed. Working from home was one of the regulations that the WHO enforced during the pandemic. However, many employers were not fully prepared to transfer their operations from offices to residential places. Nevertheless, technology made it possible for managers and personnel to adapt to new standards.
Advancement in technology and devices is the only way to improve the status quo of people working from home. Currently, various challenges face people working from home. Improvements to existing devices or innovations in new technologies can help sustain those who are still working from home even after the pandemic. The proposal to integrate smart chairs and voice recognition technologies into a single, advantageous system is both necessary and timely.
This work theorizes that the proposed combination will help mitigate the disadvantages of working from home, including loneliness, difficulty with multitasking, a lack of communication and support from colleagues, and balancing work and family life, while also improving productivity. The investigator believes that combining the two technologies will enhance the overall performance and well-being of people working from home. This innovation is significant because many firms are adapting to working from home, having tested it during the COVID-19 pandemic. Improving home devices to create an environment conducive to office work is crucial in today’s work environment.
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