Sampling
Convenience Sampling
Several types of sampling are commonly employed in nursing research. Some of the most common include convenience, purposive, and snowball sampling. Convenience sampling occurs when the researcher uses the population that is easiest to access. This is often not the most representative sample, but it can be helpful when time or resources are limited. For example, if a researcher wants to study how people in a particular city feel about a new law, they might use convenience sampling by surveying people on the street. It would not represent the entire city but would be quick and easy (Mathieson et al., 2019).
There are many potential issues with convenience sampling. First, the sample may not be representative of the population of interest. This means that the results may not be generalizable to the entire population.
Second, convenience samples are often small, which can lead to statistical problems. For example, if the piece is too small, detecting a difference might not be possible even if one exists. Despite these potential problems, convenience sampling can be helpful for researchers. When used correctly, it can provide insights that would not be possible with other methods.
Purposive Sampling
Purposive sampling occurs when the researcher intentionally selects a population that they believe most accurately represents the target population (Fisher & Bloomfield, 2019). Researchers have several types of purposive sampling to choose from.
One type is known as quota sampling. With quota sampling, the researcher sets specific criteria for the participants they want to include in the study (Mathieson et al., 2019). Once the criteria are set, the researcher recruits participants who meet those criteria.
The primary advantage of purposive sampling is that it enables the researcher to target the specific population they wish to study. It is helpful if the researcher has a specific research question that they want to answer. The main disadvantage of purposive sampling is that it may lead to biased results because of the researcher’s subjective beliefs regarding what accurately represents the target population.
Snowball Sampling
Snowball sampling is a method of collecting data from a population that is difficult to reach. The researcher begins by identifying a small group of people from the population and then asks them to refer others in the population (Mathieson et al., 2019). This process continues until the desired sample size is reached.
Snowball sampling can effectively collect data from hard-to-reach populations; however, it has its limitations. One potential rule is that the resulting sample may not accurately represent the population if the individuals who are referred tend to be similar to those who were referred. Another potential limitation is that it can be time-consuming and expensive to track down the people directed by the initial group of participants (Suresh, 2018).
When selecting a sampling method, it is essential to consider the research objectives and the available resources. For researchers seeking a quick and easy way to collect data, convenience sampling may be the best option. However, purposive or snowball sampling may be more suitable if the researcher seeks a more representative sample.
Methodology
The nursing course’s research process can employ several methodological approaches, depending on the topic being studied. Qualitative methods, such as interviews, focus groups, and observations, are effective in gaining a deep understanding of the experiences and perspectives of nursing students (McPherson et al., 2018). Surveys and data analysis can help identify trends and patterns in nursing education.
Based on the Question
When selecting a methodological approach, it is crucial to consider both the research question being asked and the available resources. Data analysis can also examine trends and patterns in nursing education. A qualitative approach may be more suitable if the research question is complex, as it enables in-depth exploration. A quantitative approach may be more appropriate if the research question is more straightforward, allowing for more controlled and replicable results.
Based on the Resources
Considering the resources available when choosing a methodological approach is also essential. McPherson et al. (2018) propose that if time and money are limited, a qualitative approach may be more feasible as it requires fewer resources. If resources are not an issue, a quantitative approach may be more appropriate as it can be more expensive and time-consuming. Qualitative methods are often best suited for exploratory research, whereas quantitative methods are more suitable for testing hypotheses and examining relationships between variables. The research process for a nursing course can be complex, but a systematic and logical approach will help ensure that the research is of high quality.
Data Collection
When conducting research, data collection involves gathering and measuring information on targeted variables in an established system. Data collection is essential to all studies, regardless of the method used. The methods used to collect data vary depending on the type of information being collected. Polls, discussions, focus groups, and inference are standard methods for gathering data in nursing (McPherson et al., 2018).
Survey
In a survey, participants are asked to respond to questions about a specific topic. Surveys often get used to collect data on demographics, opinions, and behaviors. There are many different types of surveys, but all surveys share some standard features.
First, surveys have a set of questions that participants must answer. These questions can range from simple yes-or-no questions to more complex ones that require detailed information. Second, surveys have a method of collecting responses from participants. This can be done in person, by phone, or online. Third, surveys can tabulate results. This allows researchers to see how many people answered each question and compare the results.
Interview
Interviews are another standard method of data collection in healthcare research. In an interview, a researcher asks questions of a participant to collect information about a particular topic.
Focus Group
Focus groups are another standard data collection method in nursing research (McPherson et al., 2018). In a group interview, several participants are asked to discuss a specific subject under the guidance of a moderator. Focus groups are often used to collect data on attitudes and perceptions.
Observation
Observation is another standard method of data collection in nursing research. In observation, a researcher watches and records participants’ behavior in a particular setting. Data collection is a crucial component of nursing research. The choice of data collection method should be based on the type of data collection and the research objectives.
Data Analysis
Data analysis is organizing and examining data to draw a conclusion. In nursing research, data analysis frequently involves employing statistical methods to examine relationships between variables. Data analysis can be a complex and time-consuming process. Many software programs are utilized to analyze data, and researchers may have different preferences (Suresh, 2018). In some cases, data analysis may be as simple as counting the frequency of a particular event. In other cases, it may involve more complex mathematical calculations.
Regardless of the data analysis method, the goal is always to identify patterns and trends that can be used to enhance patient care. For example, data analysis can examine the relationship between a patient’s age and the severity of their illness. By examining this relationship, researchers may be able to develop more effective treatments for elderly patients.
There are various methods for analyzing data, and the choice of method depends on the type of data and the research question. Some standard data analysis methods in nursing research include descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, and qualitative data analysis. Descriptive statistics are used to summarize data and specify a sample’s characteristics. They can be used to classify the dispersion of a variable, such as the age range of study subject matters (Suresh, 2018).
Based on a representative sample, inferences are used to testable theories and draw conclusions about a population. For example, inferential statistics can be used to test whether a relationship exists between two variables, such as age and health status. Qualitative data analysis is a process of examining data to identify patterns and themes within it. It is often used in qualitative research, such as interviews or focus groups.
Ethics
The research process for a nursing study can involve several ethical considerations, depending on the nature of the research. For example, researchers must obtain informed consent if their research involves human subjects. If the study is being conducted on a sensitive topic, the researcher must ensure that the issues are not harmed (West, 2020).
In addition, the researcher must ensure that the data collected is confidential and will not be used for any purpose other than the research project. Randolph et al. (2022) suggest that the researcher must also ensure that the research is conducted in a manner that protects the subjects’ privacy and dignity. If the research involves animal subjects, the researcher must ensure that the animals are treated humanely and their welfare is protected.
There are also ethical considerations related to the data collected during the research process. For example, the researcher must collect and use the information ethically. The researcher must also consider the potential impact of the research on the participants (West, 2020).
Furthermore, the researcher should ensure that the information is used for the purposes for which it was collected and that it is not distributed to any additional people or entities without the consent of all parties. West (2020) proposes that the researcher must also ensure that the data is stored securely and used for the purpose it was collected. Finally, the researcher must consider the ethical implications of publishing the research results. The researcher must ensure that such effects are accurately reported and that research is conducted to serve the public.
Recruitment
There are several methods for recruiting participants for a nursing research study. One way is to post a notice in the hospital or other healthcare facility where the study will occur. Another way to recruit participants is to ask healthcare providers if they know any patients interested in participating. Additionally, researchers can reach out to professional organizations or support groups related to the study’s topic (Randolph et al., 2022).
When inviting participants for a nursing research, it is crucial to clearly communicate the study’s purpose and the responsibilities associated with participation. Randolph et al. (2022) continue that participants should be given enough information to decide whether or not they want to participate. Researchers should also be prepared to answer any potential questions participants may have.
Recruiting participants for a nursing research study can be time-consuming and challenging, as it involves contacting potential participants to encourage their participation (Randolph et al., 2022). This contact can be made in person, by telephone, or through other means such as social media. Researchers should provide potential participants with the study’s purpose, expected duration, and a clear explanation of the risks and benefits. It is essential to be transparent and honest when communicating with potential participants, as this helps build trust and maintain ethical standards. However, it is necessary to ensure that participants are recruited fairly and honestly.
Informed Consent
The process of obtaining an informed consent is an integral part of the nursing process. Informed consent is based on the principle that all humans have an inherent right to autonomy and self-determination. This means we have the right to choose our own life decisions, including the decision to participate in research. Aveyard et al. (2022) outlined that informed consent is meant to protect this privilege by providing us with all the facts we need to make an informed choice regarding whether or not to comply. The information we require to make an informed decision includes a description of the research and what our participation in it entails.
We need to understand the dangers and advantages of joining, and we require ample time to make an informed decision. People should also be able to inquire and have them honestly and freely addressed. This implies that we should be informed about the study as it progresses, and we must be able to withdraw from it at any point if we do not wish to participate (Aveyard et al., 2022).
The informed written concept is crucial because it ensures that we freely collaborate in study and fully comprehend what it comprises. As a result, our interests are defended and we are kept from being taken advantage of. Aveyard et al. (2022) noted that in rare cases, consent forms may be waived with the authorization of an ethics board and under unusual circumstances. Researchers have a duty to ensure that individuals are not harmed and that their values are respected, even when consent is withdrawn.
Credibility
Credibility is essential in nursing research because the findings of research studies can inform decisions about patient care. If the survey findings are not credible, the decisions made based on those findings may not be in the patient’s best interests. There are several ways to assess the credibility of research findings, including looking at the methods used in the study, the results, and the conclusions drawn by the researchers (Suresh, 2018). The methods used in a study can affect its credibility. For example, if a study uses a small sample size, it may not be able to produce results that are generalizable to the larger population.
Studies that use randomized controlled trials are considered more credible than those that do not, as they are less likely to be subject to bias. Randolph et.al (2022) state that the results of a study can also affect its credibility. Studies that find significant results are more credible than those with no practical consequences.
However, it is essential to note that even studies with substantial results can be flawed and that the findings of any one study should not be taken as the norm. The researchers’ conclusions can also affect a study’s credibility (Suresh, 2018). If the researchers make strong claims that are unsupported by the data, the study will likely not be considered credible. Similarly, if the researchers draw conclusions that are not supported by the data, the study is unlikely to be considered reasonable.
Dissemination of Findings
Dissemination of information is the process of sharing information with others. Dissemination aims to provide people with the information they need to make informed decisions. There are many ways to disseminate information, including writing articles, giving presentations, and using social media (Fisher & Bloomfield, 2019).
When transmitting data, it is essential to consider the audience. The details must be customized to the audience’s needs. For example, if the audience consists of healthcare professionals, the information should be presented clearly and concisely, making it easy for them to understand and apply. It is also essential to consider the timing of the dissemination.
The information should be released when it is most likely to be used. For example, if the information pertains to a new treatment for a disease, it should be removed once the treatment becomes available. Fisher and Bloomfield (2019) concluded that it is vital to consider the method of dissemination.
The procedure must be selected with the viewer’s knowledge in mind. For example, if the information is sensitive, it should be disseminated securely, such as on a password-protected website. The dissemination of data is a vital part of the research process. By sharing their findings, researchers can ensure that their work is used to improve the lives of people worldwide.
Barriers to the Implementation of Information
There are several potential barriers to implementing information within quantitative research. These can include a lack of understanding or awareness of the research process, a lack of resources or expertise, and insufficient resources to implement the research (Mathieson et.al, 2019). One of the critical barriers to implementation is a shallow understanding of the research process. This can be triggered by various factors, including inadequate exposure to research techniques or knowledge about the research study (West, 2020). This can make it difficult for nurses to know where to start when implementing research or how to incorporate research into their practice.
Another potential barrier is a lack of resources or expertise. It can be a result of several factors, including insufficient funding or a shortage of qualified staff. This can make it difficult for nurses to access the resources or expertise necessary to implement research. Mathieson et al. (2019) conclude that the lack of time or opportunity to implement research can also hinder implementation.
It can be due to a busy work schedule or a lack of available time. This can make it difficult for nurses to find the time to implement research into their practice. These barriers can make it challenging for nurses to incorporate research into their practice. However, it is essential to remember that research is integral to evidence-based practice. Nurses should overcome these barriers and implement research into their practice.
References
Aveyard, H., Kolawole, A., Gurung, P., Cridland, E., & Kozlowska, O. (2022). Informed consent prior to nursing care: Nurses’ use of information. Nursing Ethics, 29(5), 1244-1252. Web.
Fisher, M. J., & Bloomfield, J. (2019). Understanding the research process. Journal of the Australasian Rehabilitation Nurses Association, 22(1), 22-27. Web.
Mathieson, A., Grande, G., & Luker, K. (2019). Strategies, facilitators, and barriers to implementation of evidence-based practice in community nursing: A systematic mixed-studies review and qualitative synthesis. Primary Health Care Research & Development, 20. Web.
McPherson, S., Reese, C., & Wendler, M. C. (2018). Methodology update: Delphi studies. Nursing Research, 67(5), 404-410. Web.
Randolph, S., Coakley, T., & Shears, J. (2022). Recruiting and engaging African-American men in health research. Nurse Researcher, 30(2). Web.
Suresh, S. (2018). Nursing research and statistics. Elsevier Health Sciences.
West, E. (2020). Ethics and integrity in nursing research. Handbook of Research Ethics and Scientific Integrity, 1051-1069. Web.