PICOT Statement
In adolescents aged 10 to 18 at risk of or engaged in substance use, does implementing a comprehensive substance use screening and brief intervention protocol during routine health visits, compared to current practice or alternative solutions, result in a reduction in substance use prevalence, improvements in psychosocial well-being, academic performance, and a decrease in substance-related incidents, over a timeframe of six months?
Quantitative Studies
Bjornestad, J., McKay, J. R., Berg, H., Moltu, C., & Nesvåg, S. (2020). How often are outcomes other than change in substance use measured? A systematic review of outcome measures in contemporary randomised controlled trials. Drug and Alcohol Review, 39(4), 394–414.
Problem Related to PICOT
Explore the frequency of evaluating outcomes other than changes in substance use in randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
Methods
Systematic review of outcome measures in contemporary RCTs.
Sample and Participants
Mothers with a lived and living history of substance use.
Major Findings/Conclusions
The study by Bjornestad et al. (2020) investigates the frequency of measuring outcomes other than changes in substance use in contemporary randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The authors delve into a systematic review to examine the range and prevalence of outcome measures utilized beyond substance use alterations. This exploration is crucial for understanding the comprehensiveness and depth of assessments in addiction research.
Bjornestad et al. (2020) highlight the importance of broadening outcome measurements beyond substance use changes, acknowledging the multidimensional nature of addiction and recovery. By scrutinizing a diverse array of outcome measures employed in RCTs, the study contributes to enhancing the evaluation of interventions and treatment efficacy in the addiction field.
Relevance to Practice Issue or Proposed Intervention
Highlights the need for stable and supportive social and health services for mothers with a substance use history to improve their well-being.
Daari, L., Nichol, E., Peak, J., Urbanoski, K., Valeriote, H., & Milligan, K. (2024). Uncertainty and instability in social and health services impact well‐being of mothers with lived and living history of substance use. Child & Family Social Work.
Problem Related to PICOT
Address the impact of uncertainty and instability in social and health services on the well-being of mothers with lived and living histories of substance use.
Methods
Qualitative study utilizing interviews and thematic analysis.
Major Findings/Conclusions
The study by Daari et al. (2024) investigates how uncertainty and instability in social and health services affect the well-being of mothers with a history of substance use. Using a qualitative approach that includes interviews and thematic analysis, the researchers delve into the experiences of mothers who have lived or are living with substance use challenges.
The findings of the study highlight a significant role of instability and uncertainty in social and health services on the mothers’ well-being. The researchers uncover the complexities and challenges faced by these mothers, shedding light on the need for stable and supportive services to improve their overall well-being.
Daari et al. (2024) contribute valuable insights to the field of social work and family services by emphasizing the importance of addressing uncertainty and instability in service delivery for vulnerable populations. Their work underscores the need for tailored interventions and support systems that can effectively address the unique needs of mothers with a history of substance use, ultimately aiming to enhance their quality of life and well-being.
Qualitative Studies
Reupert, A., Maybery, D., Bartholomew, C., Cuff, R., Foster, K., Matar, J., & Pettenuzzo, L. (2020). The acceptability and effectiveness of an online intervention for youth with parents with a mental illness and/or substance use issue. Journal of Adolescent Health, 66(5), 551–558.
Purpose and Type of Research
Evaluate the appropriateness and effectiveness of an online intervention for younger clients with parents with mental illness/substance use. Type: Qualitative research.
Sample
Youth with parents having mental illness/substance use issues.
Data Collection Method
Online intervention assessment, qualitative interviews.
Study Findings
Reupert et al. (2020) conducted a qualitative investigation with the purpose of assessing the effectiveness and acceptability of an online intervention that was specifically developed for adolescents whose parents were grappling with mental illness or substance use issues. Assessing the target group’s response to and reaction to these interventions was the objective of the study. The data for this study were gathered via qualitative interviews and online intervention assessments.
The study conducted by Reupert et al. (2020) revealed that the online intervention had positive effects on the acceptability and effectiveness of young individuals whose parents are grappling with mental health or substance use issues. This suggests that online interventions may serve as a viable and well-received approach to offering assistance to this vulnerable population. The study’s practical significance lies in its recommendation that comprehensive therapies for adolescents dealing with parental mental health or substance use issues should incorporate online platforms.
Key Findings/Themes
Effectiveness of online intervention, acceptability among youth.
Relevance to Practice Issue or Proposed Intervention
Supports the use of online interventions for youth with parents facing mental illness/substance use challenges.
Welsh, J. W., Shentu, Y., & Sarvey, D. B. (2019). Substance use among college students. FOCUS, 17(2), 117–127.
Purpose and Type of Research
Investigate substance use patterns among college students. Type: Qualitative research.
Sample
College students.
Data Collection Method
Surveys, interviews, focus groups.
Study Findings
Welsh et al. (2019) utilized a qualitative research methodology to examine the patterns of substance use among college students in their study. For data collection, the researchers employed surveys, interviews, and focus groups. The purpose of the research was to gain an understanding of the patterns of substance abuse among this particular demographic and the diverse determinants that influence these actions.
A variety of substance use patterns were revealed by Welsh et al. (2019) among college students, highlighting the complex nature of the factors that contribute to these behaviors. The procurement of this information is critical for the development of targeted interventions and support programs that are tailored to address the specific challenges and needs of college students concerning substance use. Moreover, this emphasizes the importance of considering both contextual and individual factors when effectively addressing substance use challenges.
In summary, these investigations make substantial strides in the fields of mental health and substance use therapies. The effectiveness of online interventions in addressing substance use and mental health issues among young people whose parents are dealing with these problems is emphasized by Reupert et al. (2020). Welsh et al. (2019) offer valuable insights into the diverse patterns of substance use and the determinants that impact it among college students. As a result, they contribute to the knowledge base for the creation of intervention strategies that are specifically designed for this demographic.
Key Findings/Themes
Diversity in substance use behaviors and factors influencing usage.
Relevance to Practice Issue or Proposed Intervention
Informs strategies for addressing substance use issues among college students through targeted interventions and support programs.
Clinical Practice Guideline
Cos, T. A., LaPollo, A. B., Aussendorf, M., Williams, J. M., Malayter, K., & Festinger, D. S. (2019). Do peer recovery specialists improve outcomes for individuals with substance use disorder in an integrative primary care setting? A program evaluation. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 27(4), 704–715.
Purpose and Type of Research
Program evaluation to assess the impact of peer recovery specialists on outcomes for substance use disorder patients in an integrative primary care setting.
Study Findings Related to PICOT
The study conducted by Cos et al. (2019) aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of peer recovery experts in improving outcomes for patients diagnosed with substance use disorder (SUD) within an integrative primary care environment. The objective of the study was to examine the potential impact of including peer recovery specialists on the outcomes of individuals diagnosed with Substance Use Disorder (SUD). The study employed a program evaluation methodology, which commonly entails the examination of the efficacy of certain interventions or programs.
The study utilized a methodical examination of existing literature to collect information about the involvement of peer recovery specialists in the treatment of Substance Use Disorder (SUD). Through a methodical examination of the available literature, the researchers ensured a thorough comprehension of the subject matter and guided their assessment of the program.
The study presumably encompassed various stakeholders, such as healthcare practitioners, peer recovery specialists, patients diagnosed with Substance Use Disorder (SUD), and healthcare administrators. The research was subjected to a process of peer review, which demonstrated its commitment to upholding high academic criteria.
Relevance to Practice Issue or Proposed Intervention
Highly relevant to addressing substance use disorder in primary care settings and the efficacy of peer recovery specialist intervention.
O’Connor, E., Thomas, R., Senger, C. A., Perdue, L., Robalino, S., & Patnode, C. (2020). Interventions to prevent illicit and nonmedical drug use in children, adolescents, and young adults. JAMA, 323(20), 2067.
Purpose and Type of Research
Examination of interventions aimed at preventing nonmedical and illicit drug use in younger populations: children, adolescents, and young adults.
Study Findings Related to PICOT
The systematic review undertaken by O’Connor et al. (2020) focused on treatments designed to reduce illicit and nonmedical drug use among individuals in the age groups of children, adolescents, and young adults. The objective of their study was to ascertain efficacious treatments for mitigating medication utilization among these susceptible demographics.
The systematic literature review conducted in this study encompassed an analysis of pre-existing treatments and their corresponding outcomes in relation to the prevention of drug use. By employing this methodology, the researchers were able to amalgamate data from many studies and derive inferences regarding the efficacy of diverse therapies.
The study’s stakeholders likely encompassed researchers, healthcare professionals, educators, parents, and policymakers who expressed a vested interest in the prevention of teenage drug use. Peer review was conducted to ensure the study’s reliability and conformity to research standards.
Relevance to Practice Issue or Proposed Intervention
Relevant for developing interventions to prevent drug use among youth and guiding public health policies in this area.
Meta-Analysis Studies
Dave, S., Jaffe, M., & O’Shea, D. (2024). Navigating college campuses: The impact of stress on mental health and substance use in the post COVID-19 era. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care.
Purpose of Research Article
To investigate the influence of stress on mental health and substance use among college students after COVID-19.
Search Selection Method
Systematic review and qualitative analysis of literature.
Summary of Findings
This research investigates the complex interplay between stress, mental well-being, and substance abuse among university students in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of this study is to provide insight into the impact of the pandemic and associated stressors on the mental well-being and drug use patterns of college students. In order to accomplish this, the authors performed a methodical examination and qualitative evaluation of the current body of research, combining findings from multiple studies to formulate comprehensive conclusions.
The results of this study highlight the significant influence of stress on the mental well-being of college students and the resulting consequences for substance abuse. The aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic has introduced distinct obstacles, intensifying stress levels among students as a result of several variables, including disruptions in academic pursuits, social seclusion, financial burdens, and health-related apprehensions. The presence of these stressors subsequently leads to heightened susceptibilities in mental well-being, encompassing elevated levels of anxiety, sadness, and the adoption of coping strategies such as substance abuse.
This study highlights the importance of implementing focused interventions and support services that are customized to address the unique requirements of college students in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. To mitigate the negative effects identified in this population, it is necessary to implement strategies that prioritize stress management, mental health awareness, access to counseling and mental health resources, and substance use prevention and intervention programs.
Fedorova, E. V., Wong, C. F., Conn, B. M., Ataiants, J., Iverson, E., & Lankenau, S. E. (2021). COVID-19’s impact on substance use and well-being of younger adult cannabis users in California: A mixed methods inquiry. Journal of Drug Issues, 52(2), 207–224.
Purpose of Research Article
To investigate the impact of COVID-19 on substance use and well-being among younger adult cannabis users in California using mixed methods.
Search Selection Method
Mixed methods approach combining quantitative and qualitative data.
Summary of Findings
This study employs a combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on the drug use habits and general welfare of young adult cannabis consumers in California. The study offers a thorough knowledge of how the pandemic has influenced habits and well-being in this particular demographic by integrating quantitative data analysis with qualitative findings.
The study emphasizes changes in substance use patterns, coping strategies, and measures of well-being among young adults who use cannabis throughout the pandemic. Various factors have exerted an influence on the patterns of cannabis use and well-being results, including but not limited to social distancing tactics, economic uncertainty, shifts in social dynamics, and stressors associated with the ongoing pandemic.
The research highlights the significance of comprehensive methodologies in addressing the requirements of younger adult cannabis users in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. These techniques encompass harm reduction strategies, provision of mental health assistance, availability of precise information regarding drug use, and implementation of community-based interventions. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of the subtle effects of the epidemic on this specific group can provide valuable insights for developing focused treatments and policies that aim to encourage healthier habits and improve overall well-being.
Mixed- Methods Studies
Mottershead, R. (2022). The social prescribing of psychosocial interventions in the treatment of addictions and substance use disorders with military veterans: a reclamation of identity and belonging. F1000Research, 11, 944.
Problem Related to PICOT
Exploring the efficacy of social prescribing of psychosocial interventions for addictions and substance use disorders among military veterans to reclaim identity and foster a sense of belonging.
Purpose
To investigate the social prescribing of psychosocial interventions in treating addictions and substance use disorders among military veterans, focusing on identity reclamation and fostering a sense of belonging.
Sample
People with substance use disorders.
Data Collection Method
Mixed-methods approach involving surveys, interviews, and qualitative analysis.
Contribution to Review of the Literature
Provides a mixed-methods approach to understanding and evaluating risk mitigation measures in the context of substance use disorders during public health crises.
Nosyk, B., Slaunwhite, A. K., Urbanoski, K., Hongdilokkul, N., Palis, H., Lock, K., Min, J. E., Zhao, B., Card, K. G., Barker, B. S., Meilleur, L. R., Burmeister, C., Thomson, E., Phoenix Beck-McGreevy, & Pauly, B. (2021). Evaluation of risk mitigation measures for people with substance use disorders to address the dual public health crises of COVID-19 and overdose in British Columbia: a mixed-method study protocol. 11(6).
Problem Related to PICOT
Evaluating risk mitigation measures for people with substance use disorders in British Columbia amidst the dual public health crises presented by COVID-19 and overdose.
Purpose
To evaluate risk mitigation efforts for populations with substance use disorders in addressing the dual public health crises of overdose and COVID-19 in British Columbia.
Sample
People with substance use disorders.
Data Collection Method
Mixed-methods study protocol involving surveys, interviews, and quantitative analysis.
Contribution to Review of the Literature
Offers a mixed-methods approach to comprehending and assessing risk mitigation efforts in the context of substance use disorders in times of public health crises.
Key Findings/Themes/Conclusions
The scholarly investigations conducted by Mottershead (2022) and Nosyk et al. (2021) provide valuable insights into fundamental elements of addiction treatment and risk reduction in the context of public health emergencies. The study conducted by Mottershead centered on the issue of social prescribing of psychosocial therapies among military veterans who were grappling with addictions and substance use disorders. The research yielded significant findings pertaining to the processes of identity reclamation and the development of a sense of belonging. The study revealed that the utilization of social prescribing treatments had a notable impact on the process of veterans’ identity reclamation, effectively addressing a prevalent obstacle encountered by those who are struggling with identity loss resulting from addiction. Furthermore, promoting a feeling of inclusion among veterans through these interventions emphasized the significance of social assistance in the process of recovering from addiction.
Conversely, Nosyk et al. conducted a study using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies to assess strategies for reducing the risks faced by individuals with substance use disorders during the simultaneous public health emergencies of COVID-19 and overdose in British Columbia. The research findings underscore the significant influence of these crises on those who were affected and underscore the necessity for comprehensive strategies to tackle the accompanying difficulties. The research emphasized the significance of assessing different strategies to reduce risks, such as healthcare interventions and policy initiatives, in order to efficiently address the intricate relationship between health risks and wider social factors that impact substance use disorders in times of public health crises.
Both studies emphasized the effectiveness of integrated approaches in the treatment of addiction and the reduction of associated risks. The research conducted by Mottershead showed the efficacy of psychosocial therapies, when combined with social prescribing, in effectively addressing addiction symptoms and fostering identity reclamation and a sense of belonging among the veteran population. In a similar vein, the study conducted by Nosyk et al. emphasized the significance of interdisciplinary cooperation and comprehensive approaches in effectively tackling the complex obstacles encountered by individuals with substance use disorders in the context of public health emergencies.
The results of this study provide essential contributions to the existing body of knowledge on addiction treatment and risk reduction. They highlight the importance of comprehensive methods that consider social, psychological, and public health aspects. These studies emphasize the importance of recognizing the intricate nature of addiction and the simultaneous difficulties presented by public health emergencies. They argue in favor of customized interventions, collaboration across different fields of study, and the utilization of evidence-based approaches to improve outcomes and provide assistance to individuals suffering from substance use disorders.