Introduction
The competence-environmental press model is a proposed framework for understanding how people cope with stress and adversity. This model is useful in predicting outcomes such as psychological well-being, depression, and anxiety. The term life review has come to be used in various ways. Generally, it refers to reflecting on one’s life and reviewing the good, bad, and neutral experiences that have shaped a person today. This reflection can help identify areas where a person can improve life and make choices that will lead to a more fulfilling existence. Kübler-Ross’s theory has been a cornerstone in studying death and dying for more than four decades (Tyrrell et al., 2022). The theory was first articulated by Swiss psychiatrist Elisabeth Kübler-Ross in a 1969 paper, “On Death and Dying” (Tyrrell et al., 2022). Her work has been widely recognized as an essential contribution to understanding the human experience of death. The competence-environmental press model is a proposed framework for understanding how people cope with stress and adversity.
The Competence-Environmental Press Approach
The competence-environment press approach posits that individuals are born with particular innate abilities and that the environment in which they are raised influences the development of those abilities. This approach suggests that people are not born with a blank slate but come into the world with certain tendencies shaped by their experiences (Administrator, 2018). This approach can help to explain why some people are more successful than others in life, as it suggests that some people are born with the necessary skills and talents and that the environment in which they grow up only helps to enhance those skills.
The competence-environmental press approach has been used to explain a variety of phenomena, including the rise and fall of civilizations, the success or failure of individual entrepreneurs, and the differences between groups of people in terms of their ability to succeed in life. This approach has also been used to explain why some groups of people have higher success rates than others, as it implies that some groups are born with particular innate advantages.
The zone of maximum comfort is a psychological concept that refers to the level of stress and tension that humans can tolerate before they become overwhelmed. The competence-environmental press approach relates to the zone of maximum comfort in that it states that individuals will be motivated to seek out environments where they feel competent and able to succeed. This means that individuals will be more likely to feel comfortable and motivated in environments where they feel they have the skills and abilities to succeed. Therefore, the zone of maximum comfort is expected to be where individuals feel competent and able to meet the demands of their environment. This approach can help to explain why some individuals are more likely to feel comfortable and successful in certain environments than others. It can also help to explain why some individuals may be more likely to experience stress in certain environments.
Life Review and Integrity
A life review is a process or an event in which a person reviews their life. It is often done with the help of a therapist, counselor, or coach. The life review can be a way to recover from the past, make peace with the present, and set a positive intention for the future (Boggatz, 2019). It can also be a tool for exploring one’s identity, purpose, and values. Life reviews can be done at any age, but they are often thought of as a way to improve self-awareness and personal growth.
There are many different ways to structure a life review. The most common approach is to divide the review into three sections: past, present, and future. In the past section, what is focused on is all of the significant events in life up until this point. In the present section, there is a reflection on what is being experienced right now. In the future portion, consideration is given to the kind of life a person would like to lead and the steps necessary to get there. It is crucial, to be honest and forthcoming in a life evaluation. It can be helpful to write down any thoughts, feelings, or memories during the process.
A life review can be a way to achieve integrity by acknowledging and understanding the past, present, and future. It can also help a person develop a clearer vision of identity, purpose, and values. It is feasible to create trust and credibility with oneself by being honest and upfront throughout the process. This will help us live more authentically and effectively in the present moment. A life review is also associated with obtaining mental wellness since it enables closure with the past, appreciation of the present, and a focus on the future. When people face their challenges head-on, they can develop greater resilience and strength. Finally, a life review can be related to achieving physical health because it allows for increased self-awareness, improved decision-making, and better overall health habits.
Kübler-Ross Theory of Dying
The five stages of grief proposed by Kübler-Ross are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. Kübler-Ross’s theory of dying, also known as the five stages of grief, posits that there are five stages of grief that people go through when they are faced with the prospect of death (Tyrrell et al., 2022). Kübler-Ross developed this theory based on her work with terminally ill patients, and it has since been applied more broadly to other situations in which people must come to terms with the loss. The strengths of the Kübler-Ross theory of dying are that it is a well-developed theory, has been used in research and clinical practice for many years, and is accurate in predicting how people will die (Corr, 2019). The theory has also been found to help people prepare for their death. However, the theory may not apply to all deaths, and some criticisms exist.
There are many weaknesses with the Kübler-Ross model of dying. First, it does not consider people’s individual preferences and needs (Avis et al., 2021). Second, the model is based on a limited number of stages that most people will go through, but some may skip or reverse these stages. Third, it does not guide how to deal with each stage or what to do if someone experiences a problem in a particular stage. Finally, the model is challenging to apply in clinical settings and can be subjective.
Kübler-Ross’s theory of dying states identifies five precise stages of grief that people go through when they die, which is contrary to the contextual theories. Contextual Theories of dying state that many factors contribute to how a person dies. These factors can include a person’s age, health, culture, and religion (Simmons, 2018). Kübler-Ross’s theory of dying does not fit well with contextual theories because it does not consider all factors contributing to how a person dies. Instead, it focuses only on the individual’s emotions. This can be limiting because it does not consider how people die.
The Four-Component and Dual-Process Models
The four-component coping model is based on the assumption that four individual factors need to be satisfied for individuals to cope effectively with bereavement. These factors are (1) feeling sad, (2) engaging in activities that make an individual feel better, (3) seeking support from others, and (4) expressing feelings. The dual-process model of coping with bereavement assumes that individuals generally process information in two ways: fast and slow. The fast process is used when information is required for immediate tasks, such as responding to a question or driving. The slow process is used when information needs to be processed more carefully, analyzed, and evaluated.
The four-component model of coping with bereavement focuses on the individual’s feelings and how they are reacting to the death. The dual-process model of coping with bereavement focuses on how individuals process the death and their overall emotional state (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2004). The two models have different assumptions about how individuals process information. The four-component coping model assumes that individuals use the fast process when processing information about bereavement. In contrast, the dual-process model assumes that individuals use the slow process most of the time.
Conclusion
The competence-environmental press model is a proposed framework for understanding how people cope with stress and adversity. The competence-environmental press approach suggests that people are not born with a blank slate but come into the world with certain tendencies shaped by their experiences. This approach can help to explain why some people are more successful than others in life, as it suggests that some people are born with the necessary skills and talents and that the environment in which they grow up only helps to enhance those skills. A life review can be a way to achieve integrity by acknowledging and understanding the past, present, and future. When people face their challenges head-on, they can develop greater resilience and strength. Finally, a life review can be related to achieving physical health because it allows for increased self-awareness, improved decision-making, and better overall health habits. Kübler-Ross’s dying theory does not fit well with contextual theories because they both focus on different aspects of death. They are complementary, but each has its strengths and weaknesses. Healthcare providers need to understand both theories to provide the best care for their patients.
References
Administrator. (2018). Home. Competence-environmental press theory. Web.
Avis, K. A., Stroebe, M., & Schut, H. (2021). Stages of grief portrayed on the internet: A systematic analysis and critical appraisal. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. Web.
Boggatz, T. (2019). Quality of life in the process of dying. Quality of Life and Person-Centered Care for Older People, 329-447. Web.
Corr, C. A. (2019). Should we incorporate the work of Elisabeth Kübler-Ross in our current teaching and practice and, if so, how? OMEGA – Journal of Death and Dying, 83(4), 706- 728. Web.
Simmons, K. (2018). Contextual theories of truth and paradox. Oxford Handbooks Online. Web.
Kail, R. V., & Cavanaugh, J. C. (2004). Human development: A life-span view. Thomson/Wadsworth.
Tyrrell, P., Siddiqui, W., Schoo, C., & Harberger, S. (2022). Kubler-Ross stages of dying and subsequent models of grief – StatPearls – NCBI bookshelf. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Web.