Chapter thirteen of the assigned course text exposes the reader to the sweeping social, political, and economic transformations in Tennessee in the last three decades, stretching from 1960 to the 1990s. Dramatic events before and during this period, such as World War II and civil rights movements, played a leading role in most of the transformations in Tennessee in the past three decades. Since the mid-1960s, this Volunteer State has witnessed far-reaching changes in all areas of society.
Social Changes
One of the most notable transformations in Tennessee between the 1960s and 1990s is the dramatic increase in population. Like in most states and regions in the United States, Tennessee has reported a significant surge in its population, rising steadily from 3,567,089 in 1960 to 4,877,185 in 1990, representing a 37% change. This trend is attributable to the fertility of the natives and an influx of in-immigrants in the states. The majority of the newcomers originated from southern states and cold climes such as Ohio, Illinois, and Michigan. In-immigrations contributed significantly to the population expansion as this segment increased from 9% to 11% between 1980 and 1990.
Tennessee’s scenic beauty, favorable climatic amenities, and booming economy were the major underlying factors for the influx of in-immigrants. Another important social transformation is the rapid pace of urbanization. Since the 1960s, urban and suburban centers mushroomed in Tennessee, surging from 24 towns and cities in 1960 to 37 in 1990. For instance, the number of residents in Memphis and Nashville grew steadily from 497,524 to 610,337 and 154,563 to 487,973 between 1960 and 1990, respectively. However, suburbs experienced the largest urbanization rates compared to urban areas in the state.
Economic Changes
Tennessee has had an evolving economy premised on the burgeoning economy spurred by World War II. Industrialization, particularly manufacturing, has been the backbone of the Tennessean economy. The rapid economic development manifests in the 25% increase in the number of manufacturing establishments between 1959 and 1972. Industries were the primary contributor to the state’s gross product, with an estimated 7,000 manufacturing plants valued at $30 billion in 1990.
A wide range of factors explains the rapid economic growth in Tennessee. First, the influx of outside manufacturing investments has significantly precipitated Tennessee’s economic boom. The state attracted outside investors from other states in the U.S. and overseas companies such as General Motors and Nissan Corporation from Japan. Second, a solid commitment to modernizing infrastructure throughout the state spurred economic development.
Notably, the state, through Tennessee Valley Authority, invested more resources in revamping the road and water transport networks established a strong foundation for the state’s economic growth and development. Third, the ease of doing business helped in attracting outside investments. There were relatively lower local and state taxes in Tennessee despite having a large proportion of unionized workers. Lastly, the changing geography of retail business from traditional downtown shopping districts to suburban shopping centers and malls, and modernization of agriculture contributed significantly to the evolving economy.
Political Changes
Tennessee has experienced a virtual revolution in its political landscape. Changes in its politics manifest in the decline of traditional patterns of party affiliation and the emergence of new political realignments. Since 1960, Republicans resurged to become an influential and popular party in Tennessee politics due to their fiscal conservatism, which appealed to the upwardly forward Tennesseans, natives, and newcomers. National political developments, including civil rights activism and constitutional amendments, heightened Republicans’ popularity and influence in Tennessee. Besides that, tax reform, conflict over legislative appointment, and the struggle between the governor and legislature have dominated political debate in the state.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Tennessee has experienced overarching social, economic, and political changes that have significantly impacted its identity. The demand for a better-educated workforce and increased pressure from lobby groups have led to notable improvements in education, employment, living standards, and increased personal freedoms such as participation of women in politics and the economy. As a result, Tennessee has become more integrated into the broader national culture and economy.