Introduction
Human reproductive disease is caused by infections, tumors, genetic or congenital disabilities, and weight changes. In addition, women may be concerned about the long-term consequences of using contraception, such as infertility and problems during childbirth. The placenta can be affected during pregnancy by the following issues: placenta previa and placenta low. A person having Rh negative blood has a baby having Rh positive blood; the condition is called Rh incompatibility. The pregnant mother’s immune system generates antibodies in retaliation to this Rh incompatibility variant (Pegoraro et al., 2020). The body thinks the baby’s red blood cells are foreign, so these antibodies trigger the immune system to attack them.
Importance
Family planning has been shown to reduce unsafe abortions and infant mortality risk, prolong childbearing, and prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV. It significantly reduces maternal mortality and morbidity associated with unintended pregnancy. High-quality sexual and reproductive services are essential to the well-being of those who need them. The executive branch covers a range of care, including maternal and child care and family planning. As part of efforts to reduce maternal and infant mortality, skilled persons are readily available to all women who need them. Adequate policies for essential supplies, such as medicines, must be provided.
Pathogenesis
Severe infertility is when one cannot conceive after trying for a year. Endometriosis, fibroids, and thyroid disease are conditions that can cause infertility in women. Fertility problems in men may be due to low testosterone, radiation, and overexposure to chemicals (Murgia et al., 2020). Fertility is also affected by cannabis, anabolic steroids, alcohol, smoking, depression, and high blood pressure. When the body is constantly exposed to heat, the body’s temperature rises, which can affect sperm production. Damage induced by cancer and the mode of its treatments, such as radiation and chemotherapy, significantly affect sperm production.
Placental abruption increases the risk of stillbirth, premature birth, and developmental problems. Risk factors include stomach injuries, cocaine use, high blood pressure, and smoking. The most common location and anatomy of placental defects are the lower, early, and the abnormal portion of the placenta. These conditions can have severe consequences for the mother and the fetus due to excessive blood loss before, during, or after delivery. Most preterm births occur naturally, but some result from medical conditions, such as infections or other pregnancy complications, that require an early cesarean or labor. Multiple pregnancies, ailments, ongoing medical conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure, and genetic factors are some of the causes. One has a congenital disease when genes are affected by mutations. When mutations occur, they change the instructions in the genes that make proteins, causing them to malfunction (Khan et al., 2019). Some external factors can cause genetic mutations: chemical exposure, radiation exposure, smoking, and exposure to ultraviolet light from the sun.
Treatment
Avoid prescription and over-the-counter medications that may affect fertility. Discuss with a doctor if one takes any medication regularly; however, one should not stop taking prescribed medicines without seeking medical advice. Regular exercise can improve sperm quality and increase the chance of pregnancy. Women can take steps to increase their chances of conceiving by avoiding alcohol and smoking, as these substances can affect your ability to develop and have a healthy pregnancy.
RhoGAM can be used to prevent Rh incompatibility. Therefore, the most effective treatment remains prevention. The severity of the condition determines how the already sick child should be treated. Phototherapy can treat people with mild Rh incompatibility using bilirubin lamps and intravenous immune globulin. Children who are severely affected may need blood transfusions. The goal here is to reduce the levels of bilirubin in the blood.
Preterm labor can be treated with: antibiotics, cervical cerclage, tocolytics, bed rest, guidance on daily intake of healthy foods, fetal tests, including the use of early ultrasound to help identify and determine multiple pregnancies. Treatment can help protect premature babies from neurological damage, breathing problems, and infections if a woman goes into preterm labor or is at risk of preterm labor. To prevent early labor, one need to take tocolytics and steroids before delivery.
Best Practices and Management
A routine family planning program requires determining the best way to implement practices such as family planning guidance, using necessary human resources, and achieving the intended goals. Preconception care services and infertility treatment are some of the ways that can help people get pregnant. Additionally, it can help prevent unwanted pregnancies in older women who are at high risk of pregnancy. Family planning services also help improve the health of women, as well as the health of their babies, children, and their families.
Counseling, medication, and surgery are all ways to treat infertility. Discuss with clients the following healthy lifestyles: regular exercise, low intake of cholesterol and saturated fat, and good eating habits, and weight control is essential. Women who are overweight or underweight ovulate more often than women of a healthy weight. Likewise, fat men are more likely to have fewer children. Eat whole grains, legumes, fruits and vegetables, and low-fat dairy as part of a healthy diet. Moderate exercise can help improve the menstrual cycle and overall health.
Electronic fetal monitoring should be initiated in patients with a known placenta previa history. Placenta previa patient scheduled for cesarean delivery at 36 to 37 weeks as they may experience complications at a young age (Jeon et al., 2018). The patient should be frozen with two large IV lines, a finalized blood count, a screen, and a type. Follow-up of hospitalized patients can continue or be dismissed for outpatient care.
Gene therapy can treat genetic diseases by adding new deoxynucleic acid to some cells or changing the deoxynucleic acid in those cells. Gene transfer techniques reinstate function to defective cells or missing genes by appending new genes to the affected ones. The added genes could be a typical variety of faulty genes or different genes that correct the problem and make the cell work better. Other genetic diseases that can be treated by gene therapy currently in development are cancer and deal with infection, such as HIV.
Genome editing is a new approach to restoring cell function, which makes precise corrections or other targeted changes to a cell’s DNA. Treatment using genome editing directly change cells in the body, or cells could be taken out of the body, treated, and returned. Gene transfer is currently being used in cell and animal dummies in research institutions. Scientists are examining if the method is safe for people: research and preclinical studies in diseases namely sickle cell, cystic fibrosis and hemophilia. Ethical issues arise when CRISPR-Cas9 and other genome editing tools alter the human genome.
Conclusion
Regular follow-up involves assessing satisfaction with the contraceptive method, changes in lifestyle and diet or changes in medications that may affect eligibility for services of treatment. Instructions have been simplified to make them easier to follow, as health professionals may be unsure about the process involved in genome editing. Local governments are committed to working with federal, national, and local partners to ensure healthcare providers receive advice. The decentralization and implementation of the system include cooperation with other government departments, wide distribution through presentations, distribution of proposals by electronic means and different distribution, and activities to provide training to nurses and continuing health education. Recommendations on drug delivery and the improvement of medical devices and guidelines are adjusted. Pay close attention to emerging scientific evidence and adjust these recommendations accordingly.
References
Jeon, H., Min, J., Kim, D. K., Seo, H., Kim, S., & Kim, Y. S. (2018). Women with endometriosis, especially those who conceived with assisted reproductive technology, have increased risk of placenta previa: meta-analyses. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 33(34). Web.
Khan, M. J., Ullah, A., & Basit, S. (2019). Genetic basis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): current perspectives. The application of clinical genetics, 12, 249. Web.
Murgia, F., Corda, V., Serrenti, M., Usai, V., Santoru, M. L., Hurt, K. J.,… & Monni, G. (2020). Seminal fluid metabolomic markers of oligozoospermic infertility in humans. Metabolites, 10(2), 64. Web.
Pegoraro, V., Urbinati, D., Visser, G. H., Di Renzo, G. C., Zipursky, A., Stotler, B. A., & Spitalnik, S. L. (2020). Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn due to Rh (D) incompatibility: A preventable disease that still produces significant morbidity and mortality in children. PloS one, 15(7), e0235807. Web.