Introduction
A defect in the manner the human body controls and utilizes sugar, or glucose, as an energy resource, is classified as type 2 diabetes. Concerning the PICOT-question, in middle-aged recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, as the primary treatment, does participation in a low-impact fat-burning aerobic exercise program compared to drug therapy provide better glycemic control over 12 months? The purpose of the paper is linked to the necessity of comparing the clinical results of exercise program implementation and conventional therapy in terms of type 2 diabetes interventions.
Search Methods
A research methodology was employed in this paper’s analytical strategy to conduct a comprehensive search of the eight most relevant and pertinent publications. Regarding methodology clarification, trustworthy papers from the literature were identified utilizing a keyword basic search. The searching procedure was initiated using the Grand Canyon University library to conduct a literature investigation on type 2 diabetes and treatments in credible PubMed and CINHAL databases. The search period was confined from January 2017 to December 2022 to review recent information. To search PubMed for translational and peer-reviewed articles, the search string “Translational Biomedical Research” was applied; in the phrase “diabetes exercise,” “exercise” was changed to “prevention” and “social factors associated with diabetes.” Keywords “type 2 diabetes” were utilized in CINAHAL with Boolean operators “and” and “or” with “exercise” and exchanged “exercise” with “prevention” and “physical activity.” In addition, the word “translational” was searched for in the abstract and texts, including the limiter of peer-reviewed articles.
Synthesis of Literature
In terms of the subject of the article Barquera et al., the prevalence of type 2 diabetes was assessed as currently crucial with negative effects on social and economic conditions in both California and Mexico. Regarding the methods, in order to prioritize and assess medical, public health, and policy initiatives to reduce the impact of type 2 diabetes, action-oriented investigation was established (Barquera et al., 2018). Concerning the key findings, discrepancies in knowledge and attempts to tackle the epidemic were underlined, along with urgent opportunities for cooperation. Considering the PICOT question, the study supports that primary treatment as the initial intervention is essential in type 2 diabetes.
Relating to the subject of the article Castro-Juarez et al., the authors assessed the impact of a health promotion strategy on cardiovascular risk variables and obesity characteristics throughout short- and medium-term time frames. Referring to the methods, a 93-person sample was used in a translational clinical trial of a separate cohort with internal intervention assessments (Castro-Juarez et al., 2020). Highlighting the key findings, the individuals’ cardiovascular risk variables and obesity indicators both improved as a consequence of the health promotion activities. Linking to the PICOT question, the work’s outcomes describe the benefits of the health promotion activity program for obese people.
As per the subject of the publication Katula et al., the rise in type 2 diabetes prevalence among patients who are more probable to have inadequate diabetic control was examined. According to the methods, a community-based behavioral weight loss intervention’s effects on minority patients’ risk of heart disease at 12- and 24-month periods were evaluated (Katula et al., 2017). Recognizing the key findings, the clinical research revealed that overweight or obese diabetic patients who had a complete behavioral intervention had enhanced risk factor management abilities. Connecting to the PICOT question, the study underlines the role of behavioral patterns and lifestyle programs for people with diabetes.
In terms of the subject of the article Khan et al., the study has examined several elements of diabetes, such as the theme of macrovascular and microvascular difficulties. Regarding the methods, a sizable amount of information on diabetes was gathered and examined, and the probable molecular causes of type 2 diabetes were determined (Khan et al., 2019). Concerning the key findings, lifestyle intervention and behavioral adjustments have been demonstrated to be particularly effective at preventing the onset of type two diabetes from the pre-diabetes phase. Considering the PICOT question, the study supports that lifestyle changes and exercising systems lead to risk reduction for patients.
Relating to the subject of the article Mensah & Czajkowski, the authors discussed that maintaining an active lifestyle and following suggested behavioral regimes are essential for both diabetes prevention and management. Referring to the methods, a transdisciplinary integrative perspective’s key efforts were described, and topics that demand for more data collection were listed (Mensah & Czajkowski, 2018). Highlighting the key findings, the analysis demonstrated the significance of collaborations amongst behavioral scientists in transforming fundamental findings into meaningful changes in health results. Linking to the PICOT question, the work’s outcomes recognize the necessity of incorporating additional knowledge on the issue of implementing behavioral interventions for chronic diseases.
As per the subject of the publication Mey et al., the physiological reaction to insulin is slowed in both obesity and type 2 diabetes, which reflected in the insulin sensitivity of the skeletal muscle. According to the methods, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic exposures with muscle tissue biopsies were performed on 14 lean control subjects, 12 obese, and 10 people with type 2 diabetes (Mey et al., 2019). Recognizing the key findings, the results emphasize the complex nature of insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes and adult obesity. Connecting to the PICOT question, the study states that obesity and type 2 diabetes management measures were enhanced after exercise training.
In terms of the subject of the article Pedley et al., the case illustrates that a community program to prevent diabetes had positive metabolic effects on prediabetic patients. Regarding the methods, the intervention consisted of a behavioral weight-loss course for groups that was administered by community health professionals and observed by staff from a nearby diabetes education system (Pedley et al., 2018). Concerning the key findings, when contrasted to the upgraded regular care group, a decrease in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the experimental group was indicated. Considering the PICOT question, the research supports that a community-based diabetes treatment and management program was evaluated as efficient and effective.
Relating to the subject of the article Sanchez et al., the relevance of a type 2 diabetes mellitus preventive program in conventional primary healthcare for high-risk individuals was evaluated by the scientists. Referring to the methods, fourteen primary health care centers participated in a cluster clinical study where participants were randomly assigned to receive conventional treatment or an educational program promoting healthy lifestyles (Sanchez et al., 2018). Highlighting the key findings, the frequency of type 2 diabetes among high-risk people in primary healthcare was decreased as a result of the healthy lifestyle approach. Linking to the PICOT question, the work’s outcomes suggest that it is obligatory to investigate the implementation tactics to improve the sustainability of healthy lifestyle regimens.
Comparison of Articles
As per the similarities and differences in themes and methods of the selected scholarly articles, several publications address the aspects of elaborating intervention programs for people with diabetes. In fact, it is feasible to note that the works Sanchez et al., Pedley et al., Mey et al., Khan et al., Katula et al. discuss and describe various frameworks of potential, actual lifestyle systems. These initiatives possess specific differences, for instance, authors incorporate exercise, healthy diet, and behavioral programs. Regarding the conclusions and controversies, the article Barquera et al. emphasizes the substantial influence of primary treatment in type 2 diabetes and summarizes the features of enhancing this field. In contrast, the publication Castro-Juarez et al. attempts to focus on the benefits of a health promotion activity program for patients as the initial objective of the intervention. Concerning the limitations, the works have a drawback of a lack of respondents or intervention groups in their analysis since due to this shortcoming, a reasonable extrapolation of the research findings is complicated.
Future Research
Analyzing the identified gaps, it is possible to state that the scholars recognize the need for a proper assessment related to the examination of the intervention programs’ impact on public health. Participation in fat-burning exercise initiative for individuals with obesity or type 2 diabetes was proven to be advantageous; nevertheless, questions occur regarding the specification of the intervention’s solution. In this case, it is compulsory to compare concrete health care and healthy lifestyle programs in order to determine the most effective one for the patients. Furthermore, it can be proposed to evaluate the effects of educational types of intervention programs that are aimed at transferring relevant knowledge connected to obesity and diabetes to people with risk factors.
Conclusion
To summarize, the analytical technique of the study employs three different strategies to perform a thorough search of the crucial and significant publications. Numerous publications discuss the issues of developing intervention programs for persons with diabetes, depending on the similarities and contrasts in themes and methodologies of the chosen scholarly works. Regarding the constraints, the works have the issue of not including sufficient numbers of respondents or intervention groups in their analysis, impedes their ability to extrapolate the study findings in a sensible manner. It is possible to suggest evaluating the results of educational intervention programs that attempt to impart valuable knowledge concerning diabetes and obesity to people with risk factors.
References
Barquera, S., Schillinger, D., Aguilar-Salinas, C. A., Schenker, M., Rodríguez, L. A., Hernández-Alcaraz, C., & Sepúlveda-Amor, J. (2018). Collaborative research and actions on both sides of the US-Mexico border to counteract type 2 diabetes in people of Mexican origin. Globalization and Health, 14(1). Web.
Castro-Juarez, A., Serna-Gutiérrez, A., Dórame-López, N., Solano-Morales, M., Gallegos-Aguilar, A., Díaz-Zavala, R., Alemán-Mateo, H., Urquidez-Romero, R., Campa-Quijada, F., Valenzuela-Guzmán, D., Esparza-Romero, J., & Cardoso, C. (2020). Effectiveness of the healthy lifestyle promotion program for Yaquis with obesity and risk of diabetes in the short and medium term: A translational study. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2020, 1–13. Web.
Katula, J. A., Kirk, J. K., Pedley, C. F., Savoca, M. R., Effoe, V. S., Bell, R. A., & Bertoni, A. G. (2017). The lifestyle intervention for the treatment of diabetes study (lift diabetes): Design and baseline characteristics for a randomized translational trial to improve control of cardiovascular disease risk factors. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 53, 89–99. Web.
Khan, R., Chua, Z., Tan, J., Yang, Y., Liao, Z., & Zhao, Y. (2019). From pre-diabetes to diabetes: Diagnosis, treatments and translational research. Medicina, 55(9), 546. Web.
Mensah, G. A., & Czajkowski, S. M. (2018). Translational science matters: Forging partnerships between biomedical and behavioral science to advance the public’s health. Translational Behavioral Medicine, 8(5), 808–814. Web.
Mey, J. T., Solomon, T. J., Kirwan, J. P., & Haus, J. M. (2019). Skeletal muscle nur77 and nor1 insulin responsiveness is blunted in obesity and type 2 diabetes but improved after exercise training. Physiological Reports, 7(6), e14042. Web.
Pedley, C. F., Case, L., Blackwell, C. S., Katula, J. A., & Vitolins, M. Z. (2018). The 24-month metabolic benefits of the healthy living partnerships to prevent diabetes: A community-based translational study. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 12(3), 215–220. Web.
Sanchez, A., Silvestre, C., Campo, N., & Grandes, G. (2018). Effective translation of a type-2 diabetes primary prevention programme into routine primary care: The prede cluster randomised clinical trial. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 139, 32–42. Web.