Introduction
The Etruscans inhabited modern Italy and Corsica between 800 BC -1000 BC. The civilization is well known for its craft works and artistic developments reflected their unique beliefs and traditions. In order to describe the art of granulation, it is important to mention the age and the stage of development. The silver age follows the gold and in its turn is replaced by the copper age, just as the lucky shepherd of the fairy tale climbs the tree which bears on its lowest boughs the copper city, a day’s travel further up the silver city, and finally at the top in the crowning golden branches the wondrously beautiful princess in the golden castle.
Main body
For the Etruscans, the gold was perceived as a unique metal which possesses a magic. Like many Eastern peoples, the Etruscans had a predilection for work in ivory and gold–precious materials permitting the most exquisite effects. The ivory and gold were imported from Africa and Asia to meet the requirements of a refined clientèle. The infinitely rich treasures of the great 7th- and 6th-century tombs give an idea of the luxury which reigned in Etruscan aristocratic society at the height of its power. From the beginning, Etruscan gold- and silversmiths possessed well tried techniques which doubtless originated in the Caucasus and the countries of the Aegean. Two forms of decoration–filigree and granulation–enabled them to create jewels with a skill and artistry never equalled even in modern times. The craftsman obtained the filigree by drawing the gold, which is very malleable, and thus producing wires of extreme thinness. With these wires he made elegant arabesques on the jewel he was decorating, whether it was a fibula, an ear-ring or a bracelet. Granulation, on the other hand, consisted in reducing the gold to tiny balls, the diameter of which is sometimes no more than two hundredths of a millimetre.
Under the microscope these infinitesimal balls reveal extreme fineness and regularity. The most difficult part of the operation was the soldering of the filigree or the granules on to the base of the jewel. This process, which did not alter the shape of the balls or of the wire, was an operation of extreme difficulty and modern workers do not know how the Etruscans contrived to do it. Various explanations have been advanced by the experts and we are approaching an explanation of the mystery. At all events, the Etruscan goldsmiths in the archaic period produced objects of rare virtuosity and even Greek jewels did not attain such a pitch of perfection. Necklaces, rings, bracelets, agrafes and car-rings, from the high period of Etruscan civilisation form the most extraordinary series of objects ever produced and, in spite of the interest they arouse, can still not be imitated.
Historians underline that the things which took place in smoke and soot during this process must have appeared puzzling and dangerous to a world as yet a stranger to scientific thinking, which still measured its discoveries against experiences of the soul and mythical descriptions. The actual production of the little balls was itself a kind of magic. Little pieces are snipped off bundles of finest gold wire and fall without touching each other into a crucible filled with coal dust. The crucible is heated to a high temperature and when the dust has once grown cold and is rinsed out it is seen that the little pieces of wire have melted into uniform-sized little balls. These have then to be amalgamated in a special way with copper salts and joined to the background which they are to adorn by means of saliva or fish glue, or some other sticky substance which will be partially transformed into carbon in the ensuing melting process. The final junction is then ultimately achieved, by means of carefully directed heat, as a chemical process.
The whole proceeding is accompanied by a play of changing colors created by the sparks and flames. It is easy to understand the aura of respect and fear which surrounded those who had the power to do such things and which led them to live a life apart within society, and it is easy to see why the Etruscans included Sethlans (Vulcan), the smiths’ god, in the number of the great gods who had power over lightning. Following modern historians, the rat of granulation attains a high degree of perfection, and was related to the ornamental use of nail heads and rivets. The two techniques are found side by side at a very early date in the ancient East, and were both used for the same purpose.
What took place in Volsinii was the filling of a predetermined space with nails, but the object of the exercise was not primarily to produce a wall-decoration in the shrine but to outlaw the past and reveal destiny fulfilling itself irresistibly and driving on to a fixed end. We do not know what other ideas of a special nature may possibly also be associated with granulation. Another method of working, less subtle but scarcely more recent, which also developed from ornamental nailing, is that in which bosses punched from the reverse side are used instead of the little gold beads, a technique which, admittedly coarser, had already appeared on the bronze helmets of the later Villanova culture.
One of the best examples of granulation is a dress pin (7th century). It is made of gold and has 32 cm in length. The Italic form of the plate-fibula is elaborately developed and decorated in varied techniques with oriental motifs. On the plate, two palmettewreaths beaten from gold-foil encircle five lions, cut out from a separate sheet and attached. Outlines and interior drawing are done with closely-set granules of gold, the so-called granulation technique. The zigzag patterns on the oblique connecting-links are done in the same manner. The particular difficulty of this technique, which was also known in the East and amongst the Greeks, is to prevent the grains of gold from melting whilst being soldered on. Six rows of winged lions, beaten and decorated with granulation, decorate the lower arm. Between them and along the edge are ducks, beaten in two halves and soldered down the middle; there is granulation on their interior lines. The pin is fastened at the tip of this lower arm. The fibula was found, together with the jewellery reproduced in the following plate, in a rich chieftain’s grave at Cerveteri (the so-called Regolini-Galassi Tomb). It was worn in front or on the shoulder with the point of the pin or the large plate against the neck.
Though shape and technique make it obvious that this is native Etruscan work, yet the style of the art and the figures themselves have such an oriental motifs that modern men cannot reject as impossible the theory that this pin was used for a purpose which can not yet be proved to have existed in later Etruria. The golden breast-plate also had no permanent significance. On Syrian bowls such as those found in the Tomba Regolini-Galassi itself and in Praeneste there are illustrations of the goddess Isis wearing over her forehead a winged disc of the sun. Even though there has not so far been found in Italy any direct proof of the existence of such head ornaments we may yet reckon with the possibility that they did exist as ceremonial adornments.
The lions and the water birds suggest a person who is portrayed on the broad armlets of Larthia along with the old oriental lion-killer. Is it possible that the dead lady was distinguished by the peculiar head ornament and the golden breast-plate? Was she able to wear these emblems even in her lifetime perhaps on certain solemn occasions just as the ‘Victor’ in Rome was allocated in accordance with a custom proved to be Etruscan the dress and the vehicle of Tinia, because he was, for the period of the triumph, not only a religious symbol but in truth the heavenly god himself moving visibly among men?
In the art of this period, the geometric style was popular. It is only through the numerous archaeological discoveries and studies of recent decades that this non-classical art has become plainer and known far beyond the restricted world of the specialists, particularly through the bronze shields, the bronze furnishings and fittings. Research work on Homer, following these discoveries, has shown the degree to which the Etruscans in particular drew pictorial force from this revolution. From the beginning of the seventh century B.C. onwards there can be observed, in art, the action of a will growing visibly stronger, which aims at mastering and controlling the powers and forces of the underworld by the creation of shapes durable as crystal and of laws universally valid. When the artist realizes in human form the forces which can bear a weight by virtue of being held together under tension in a pillar and represents them as maidens carrying baskets beneath the rigid beams, this is an exception and an event, and the beam-supports in their turn are transformed into architecture and become an integral part of the structure. This is a feature of art at its best.
In the following period, from about 600 to 550 B.C., more use was made when decorating the still thin-walled ware of a stamping technique, which had hitherto been employed mainly in the production of larger storage vessels. This consisted in rolling off patterns from revolving seals on which were carved negative designs, some of which seem to have been imported straight from the East. They produced a relief frieze, used particularly for decorating mouths or rims of vessels. Simultaneously there emerged, at an early date, though it did not attain any particular importance before the second half of the sixth century B.C., that heavy, thick-walled pottery.
The persistent attachment to motives and shapes of older Corinthian pottery is noteworthy at a time when Ionic influence was asserting itself predominantly elsewhere in Etruria. This can hardly be explained simply on technical grounds such as the continued use of old models, but neither can it be explained as sheer unproductive conservatism since these elements are used quite deliberately. It seems much more likely that the Etruscans like the Greeks felt that certain styles and methods of production were indissolubly linked to specific kinds of art. Just as the hexameter of Homer remained the natural meter of the epics of Greece right down to post-classical times, and underwent only slight adaptations, and just as in Hellas the technique of shading in painting and drawing, for example, was never during long centuries used when representing the female body; so the old Corinthian shapes and illustrations belong to Bucchero ware from its beginning right down to its gradual disappearance in the first decades of the fifth century B.C.
Besides these are others, richly plaited bands, a pattern of fish-scales, a frieze of animals running round, which can plainly be recognized as illustrations of the period. The close juxtaposition of old and new styles of decoration warns us not to form rigid ideas of a too strictly chronological kind in dealing with things Etruscan, for historians continue to find heterogeneity even in the later years of Etruscan civilization, because these people derived such pleasure from toying with pictures and shapes which they had seen in some foreign country.
Conclusion
In sum, the art of granulation introduced by the Etruscans was influenced by their unique cultural traditions and beliefs. The granulation was widely used in art works and possessed by other cultures. In the realm of history historians come across this same tale, but it is enriched by a fourth era — the iron age, which corresponds to the harsh present day — regarded at any given epoch as unfriendly and ruthless.
Bibliography
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