Prevention and Treatment of Cholera

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Introduction

Cholera is an example of a clinical entity that causes a lot of panic to many people all over the world. It is an acute illness that comes about as a result of infections in the human intestines. Vibrio cholera is the bacteria responsible for the infection and spread of cholera. Research has shown that thousands of people die every year as a result of cholera infection. The number of deaths caused by cholera infection in a year is estimated to be around 120, 000. Usually, the infection from cholera is mild and does not show any symptoms. However, sometimes the infection can be severe. Anyone suffering from cholera is likely to experience profuse watery diarrhea, leg cramps, as well as continuous vomiting. There have been a lot of concerns from both the governments and non-governmental organizations of different countries all over the world on how to prevent the outbreak, as well as the spread of cholera. For this reason, several measures have been put in place to help in the prevention, and treatment of cholera all over the world. For instance, research institutes have been started to educate the public on the causes, effects, prevention, and treatment of cholera.

A number of researches carried out on the factors that cause cholera have shown that poor hygiene, such as drinking dirty water, and unhealthy foods, is the main cause of cholera outbreaks in most countries all over the world. This paper is an illustration of past studies about a cholera outbreak, prevention, and cure all over the world. The annotated bibliography will involve peer-reviewed research articles, as well as high-quality and reliable secondary literature related to cholera.

Annotated Bibliography

Bao, C., Zhang, X., Zhu, Y., Tan, Z., Qian, H., Tang, F., & Dong, C. (2015). Antibiotic resistance and molecular characterization of vibrio cholera strains isolated from an outbreak of cholera epidemic in Jiangsu province. Ncbi, 49 (2), 128-131.

The aim of the study was to carry out an assessment of antibiotic resistance, as well as the molecular characterization of strains of cholera. The results from the study would be used in providing information on how to treat and prevent the outbreak of cholera. The methodology of the study targeted four stains of affected people in Huainan City, Jiangsu. These strains were characterized by the use of virulence genes detection, biotype analysis, and antibiotic susceptibility. Results from the study showed that the bacterium responsible for the transmission of cholera belong to the uncommon EL Tor. Such findings would help in the establishment of sources of water contamination and the causes of cholera.

Escobar, L., Finkelsten, J., Stewart-Ibarra, A., Ryan, S., & King, C. (2011). A global map of suitability for coastal vibrio cholera under current and future climate conditions. Acta Tropica, 149 (20), 202-211.

The aim of this study was to establish the climatic conditions for the bacterium that causes cholera. This research was necessitated by the high number of cholera outbreaks. The study made use of an ecological niche model in identifying the different variables that are closely linked to the presence of vibrio cholera in marine environments. The study found out that there was an increase in the number of areas that had suitable climatic conditions for vibrio cholera. The data from the study would be helpful in determining the vulnerable areas of cholera.

Maponga, B., Takundwa, L., Bangure, D., Tshimanga, M., Chirubdu, D., & Gombe, N. (2015). Cholera: A Comparison of the 2008-9 and 2010 outbreaks in Kadoma City, Zimbabwe. Pan Afr Med J, 20 (2015), 20-221.

The objective of this study was to make a comparison of cholera outbreaks for the given years. In this study, line list data was used whereby the study adopted the descriptive methodology. The results showed that outbreaks among the indicated years showed similarity in terms of gender, with people between 20-30 years registering the highest cholera cases. In addition, the study established that there was a delay in the treatment of the affected people. Thus, this source would be significant in providing critical information on the prevalence of cholera among different people.

Moore, S., Thomson, N., Depina, J., Miwanda, B., & Sadji, A (2015). Relationship between distinct African cholera epidemics revealed via MLVA typing of 337 Vibrio Cholera Isolates. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 20 (2014), 7-11.

This study aimed to establish the factors responsible for the cholera outbreak and its spread based on a region-specific approach. The Multi-Locus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Analysis typing was used. The persistence of given types of MLVA was evident in the Democratic Republic of Congo, which led to high chances of epidemics. From the study, it was evident that a critical understanding of cholera emergence, as well as its spread, is necessary for the prevention and treatment of cholera. This source thus will be useful in the provision of in-depth data about the interplay of different epidemics which might be necessary for cholera treatment.

Mukandavire, Z., Wang, J., Modnak, C., & Posny, D. (2015). Analyzing transmission dynamics of cholera with public health interventions. Mathematical Bioscience, 264 (2015), 38-53.

The primary objective of this study was to establish the dynamics involved during cholera transmission. The study adopted a methodology that was based on three control measures, whereby the main concern was on treatment, prevention, and sanitation. In addition, the study made use of optimal control techniques to establish suitable solutions in curbing cholera transmission. The findings from the study showed that in spite of all cholera interventions, the interventions are closely related. In addition, the study established that in an optimal strategy, the strength and length of each control are directly affected by the control costs. As such, the data from this study would help provide information on the relevance of cholera dynamics in public health interventions.

Shiode, N., Shiode, S., Vinten-Johansen, P., Ran, S., & Rod-Thatcher, E. (2015). The mortality rates and the space-time patterns of John Snow’s cholera epidemic map. International Journal of Health Geographics, 14 (1), 1-5.

This study aimed to establish the mortality rates, as well as the space-time characteristics as far as the outbreak of cholera is concerned. The study used several methods to gather information from several published historical documents about the outbreak of cholera. In addition, the study makes use of surveys to collect cholera data among a selected number of residential houses. The Kernel Density Estimation, along with network-based Scan Statistics was used in exploring the space-time patterns and mortality rates. The study found out that cholera is caused by water as opposed to previous beliefs that cholera is transmitted through the air. This study will help determine the causes of cholera.

Sozzi, E., Eblon, J., Fesselet, J., Fabre, K., & Taylor, H. Minimizing the risk of disease transmission in emergency settings: a novel in situ physio-chemical disinfection of pathogen-laden hospital wastewaters. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. N.p., 2015. Web.

The objective of this study was to find out whether there are any risks of disease transmission during the care and treatment of cholera. The focus of the study thus was on design evaluation and scrutiny of the operations of a treatment system. As such, the study adopted a case study methodology whereby, an analysis of the water treatment system was carried out. The study found out that adding lime that was hydrated led to the disinfection of wastewater, as well as the flocculation of solids suspended in the wastewater. The results from the study would play a significant role in advancing the study on the prevention and cure of cholera.

Taban, A., Benjamin, J., & Jackson, O. Cholera outbreak in Southern Sudan. Cdc.gov. N.p., 2015. Web.

This study investigates the outbreak of cholera in Southern Sudan. The study aimed to find out the causes and transmission of cholera. The study collected data through questionnaires from residents of the Nile region of Southern Sudan. From the analysis, it was evident that the risk factors of cholera included the use of water from a source that was in the neighborhood and the use of untreated water. The results from this study are significant since they will be used in providing general information about causes of cholera, prevention, and cure.

References

Bao, C., Zhang, X., Zhu, Y., Tan, Z., Qian, H., Tang, F., & Dong, C. (2015). Antibiotic resistance and molecular characterization of vibrio cholera strains isolated from an outbreak of cholera epidemic in Jiangsu province. Ncbi, 49 (2), 128-131.

Escobar, L., Finkelsten, J., Stewart-Ibarra, A., Ryan, S., & King, C. (2011). A Global map of suitability for coastal vibrio cholera under current and future climate conditions. Acta Tropica, 149 (20), 202-211.

Moore, S., Thomson, N., Depina, J., Miwanda, B., & Sadji, A (2015). Relationship between distinct African cholera epidemics revealed via MLVA typing Of 337 Vibrio Cholera Isolates. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 20 (2014), 7-11.

Mukandavire, Z., Wang, J., Modnak, C., & Posny, D. (2015). Analyzing transmission dynamics of cholera with public health interventions. Mathematical Bioscience, 264 (2015), 38-53.

Shiode, N., Shiode, S., Vinten-Johansen, P., Ran, S., & Rod-Thatcher, E. (2015). The mortality rates and the space-time patterns of john snow’s cholera epidemic map. International Journal of Health Geographics, 14 (1), 1-5.

Sozzi, E., Ebdon, J., Fesselet, J., Fabre, K., & Taylor, H. Minimizing the risk of disease transmission in emergency settings: a novel in situ physio-chemical disinfection of pathogen-laden hospital wastewaters. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. N.p., 2015. Web.

Taban, A., Benjamin, J., & Jackson, O. Cholera outbreak in Southern Sudan. Cdc.gov. N.p., 2015. Web.