Introduction
The Arab market’s aviation industry has experienced substantial expansion and advancement in recent years. Several variables, including rising air travel popularity, financial growth, and technological innovations, cause this expansion. Fleet management is a critical component of the airline business to meet consumer demand, boost earnings, and accomplish long-term viability. Considering the importance of these three questions, this paper will offer an in-depth evaluation of fleet management.
This essay will investigate the development of the Arab market between 2008 and 2018, as described in the AACO Annual Report for 2018. The investigation will examine the elements supporting aviation development in these areas, such as government oversight, economic expansion, rising populations, and tourism. Consequently, this paper looks at the difficulties the Arab aviation business has, including the lack of facilities, political unpredictability, and rivalry with other carriers.
Moreover, the essay concentrates on the specifications for selecting aircraft and general purchasing considerations that carriers employ to make informed decisions regarding fleet administration. A fleet manager must consider the company’s framework, goals, route system, cost-effectiveness, and convenience for travelers. The essay would examine an illustration of how carriers choose the kinds of airplanes using logical decision-making procedures to suit their operational needs and increase profitability.
Airlines must consider key elements when suggesting the best fleet type for a given market. The primary topics of the assessment will be market demand, route network, fuel economy, upkeep expenses, and competitiveness. The paper illustrates how airlines utilize various fleet types, including narrow-body, wide-body, and intermediate aircraft, to satisfy the particular requirements of multiple segments.
Factors Driving Arab Aviation Growth 2008-2018
The aviation industry is a critical component of overall economic expansion, and over the past ten years, the Arab market has experienced substantial development. This topic investigates the elements that have contributed to the evolution of the airline sector in the Arab marketplace and explores in depth the many components that resulted in this transformation. Specifically, this task focuses on the variables that have contributed to the growth of the Arab market. This section investigates the fiscal and societal reasons that have played a vital part in the expansion and analyzes the modifications and tendencies that have evolved with time. By completing this task, the paper offers an in-depth comprehension of the progress of the Arab market and the variables that have contributed to the expansion of the airline business in these markets.
Advancement in Arab Aviation
According to the findings of the Arab Air Carriers’ Organization (AACO) annual report for 2018, the Arab aviation market has undergone tremendous expansion over the previous ten years. The number of customers transported by Arab airlines rose from 112 million in 2008 to 246 million in 2018, while the total number of airplanes in operation increased from 1,247 to 1,622 during the same time (AACO, 2018). In addition, the total income earned by Arab airlines climbed at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.3%, going from $50.9 billion to $100.3 billion throughout the same period (AACO, 2018). As per the report, the Arab airline sector comprised the following carriers: Saudia, Air Arabia, Royal Jordanian, Tunisair, and Iraqi Airways. Therefore, a detailed analysis of aviation development will be conducted based on each carrier.
Saudi Arabia’s operational averages increased significantly in July 2018 compared to last year. According to the July performance report, more than 3.13 million passengers were moved to 18,616 nationwide and global flights, a 9% increase in passengers and a 6% increase in flights (AACO, 2018). More than 600 flights and more than 100,000 passengers were transferred on average daily in July 2018 (AACO, 2018). As a result, the number of passengers and airplanes from the start of the year to the end of the month increased to more than 20 million and 124,716, respectively (AACO, 2018). This growth was attributed to numerous factors discussed later in the paper.
Air Arabia reported strong financial results on June 30, 2018. For the six months that ended on June 30, 2018, Air Arabia reported a net profit of AED 230 million, a 12% decrease from the AED 261 million disclosed for the comparable period in 2017 (AACO, 2018). The business’s revenue for the first half of 2018 was AED 1.816 billion, up 6% from AED 1.716 billion during the same period in 2017 (AACO, 2018).
Air Arabia recorded resilient revenues despite the financial difficulties that airlines encountered in the second quarter of 2018, caused by decreased profit margins, increased fuel costs, and an unpredictable change in traffic. Air Arabia carried 4.2 million customers during the first half of 2018, and the company’s median seat occupancy rate for the first six months of 2018 demonstrated a significant increase in customer demand (AACO, 2018). The business’s revenue for the second quarter, which ended in June 2018, was AED 938 million, up 4% from the comparable period in 2017 (AACO, 2018). The rise in earnings meant that the firm’s operating capital also grew, thus boosting the company’s functionality.
Royal Jordanian (RJ), being a member of the AACO, also contributed to the overall growth of the Arab aviation industry. Despite a 27% increase in fuel costs over the first half of the last decade, the results show that the company has made notable progress in its financial and operational performance (AACO, 2018). Revenues for RJ increased by 12% from JD284M in the first half of 2017 to JD317M in the equivalent period of 2018 (AACO, 2018). However, because of the increase in fuel costs over the last decade from JD59.2M to JD74.9M, operational costs increased by 4% from JD271.4M in 2017 to JD283.4M in the comparison period of 2018 (AACO, 2018).
The seat load factor increased from 68.4% to 72.8% over the comparative period due to the rising passenger volume by 4.4 points (AACO, 2018). As a result, RJ cut its net loss for the first half of 2018 by 52%, from JD26.3M in 2017 to JD12.7M after tax (AACO, 2018). Therefore, as explained, the in-depth analysis of the advancement in the Arab carrier sector could be based on the individual growth of the airlines.
Factors Driving the Growth
Economic Development
According to AACO, economic advancement was one of the major reasons for the improved aviation industry in the Arab markets between 2008 and 2018. The research emphasized that the region enjoyed prolonged economic development during the period, which helped boost the success of the airline sector. Several factors caused the economic expansion of the Arab markets, the most important of which were the growing oil prices, the increased government investment in infrastructure, and the favorable demography (AACO, 2018; Bayar & Gavriletea, 2019). This economic expansion increased people’s disposable income, which led to a rise in people’s desire to travel by airplane throughout the region.
As per the report, increased demand for air travel was a driving force behind expanding the aviation industry in Arab countries. To improve the quality of their services while also increasing their efficiency, airline companies increased the size of their fleets, established additional routes, and invested in cutting-edge technology (Garcia-Colomo et al., 2020). This new development contributed to the creation of new employment and increased spending in the aviation sector, both of which, in turn, supported additional economic expansion in the region.
Investments in Infrastructure
The considerable expansion of the Arab aviation marketplace between 2008 and 2018 is highlighted in the AACO 2018 annual report. Spending on infrastructure was one of the primary drivers of the airline sector. According to the report, significant expenditures were made in airfield facilities, including developing new terminals and refurbishing and growing existing ones. One of the biggest airports in the world, for instance, is the King Abdul-Aziz International Airport in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, which has expanded to accommodate 80 million passengers annually (AACO, 2018; Wali & Kouki, 2019).
The brand-new Hamad International Airport in Doha, Qatar, which debuted in 2014, is an additional illustration of infrastructure investment. The airport can accommodate 30 million passengers annually, and because of its cutting-edge amenities, it is a well-liked hub for connecting flights (AACO, 2018; Wali & Kouki, 2019). Therefore, such spending has increased carriers’ operating activities within the AACO, boosting the Arab aviation market’s growth.
In addition to airport infrastructure, investments have been made not just in airport infrastructure but also in air traffic control systems, which have contributed to the increased efficacy and safety of air travel due to these investments. For instance, the UAE’s General Civil Aviation Authority (GCAA) has invested in modern technology to supervise air traffic (AACO, 2018; Drayton & Coxhead, 2023). The invention encompasses a brand-new detection network that relies on satellite information to monitor planes in real-time.
The document notes that expenditures were made in the growth of enterprises connected to aviation, such as centers for airplane upkeep, repair, and overhaul (URO). For instance, Dubai Aerospace Enterprise (DAE) has invested in constructing MRO facilities in Dubai, promoting the improvement of the airplane industry in the region (AACO, 2018; Malhotra et al., 2021). These facilities have also contributed to the expansion of the aviation business in Dubai.
Open-Air Policies
According to the annual report published by the AACO in 2018, the open skies policy significantly improved the growth of the aviation industry in Arab economies between 2008 and 2018. An open skies policy is a treaty between nations that loosens their respective airline sectors (Abate et al., 2020). This policy allows carriers to fly without limits on pathways, ability, or costs.
AACO (2018) noted that the stance led to the opening of new flight paths and a spike in competition, resulting in more traveler options and cheaper ticket prices. Due to greater rivalry, customer service improved as airlines worked harder to differentiate themselves in the market. Therefore, the number of passengers flying has dramatically increased, which has allowed airlines to improve their financial results substantially.
AACO emphasizes some of the advantages that the policy has given to Arab airlines. The report, for instance, mentions that Arab airlines have successfully extended their routes to new locations, such as those in Europe, Asia, and Africa (AACO, 2018). This has increased their consumer base, rivalry, and ability to draw visitors to the area. Additionally, the historically poor transportation links within the Arab region have been made better by the regulation.
According to AACO, the approach has made it possible for Arab carriers to run more flights within the area, supporting regional cohesion and financial growth. The investigation also identifies some of the difficulties Arab airlines have in putting the policy into practice. For instance, the strategy has fueled international airline rivalry, which has pushed Arab companies to enhance their efficacy and cost-effectiveness (AACO, 2018). The legislation has also been slow to take effect in several nations, which has reduced the advantages that Arab planes can make use of.
Partnerships and Alliances
The report underlines how collaborations and agreements have been crucial in helping regional airlines strengthen their offerings, reach new markets, and increase operational effectiveness. The 2004 alliance between Etihad Airways and Air Arabia is one of the essential examples mentioned in the report (AACO, 2018). Air Arabia established a presence in Abu Dhabi through this alliance and grew its regional operations. Additionally, it gave Etihad Airways access to Air Arabia’s vast network of inexpensive locations in the Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia, strengthening its structure and ability to compete.
The alliance between Emirates and flydubai is another instance mentioned in the paper. The two airlines have been able to share their infrastructure, synchronize their flight plans, and provide uninterrupted connectivity to travelers thanks to this collaboration established in 2017 (AACO, 2018). It has assisted both airlines in resource optimization, cost containment, and efficiency gains.
The paper also emphasizes the value of associations like the 1965-founded Arab Air Carriers Organization (AACO). The trade organization AACO represents the interests of airlines in the Arab world (AACO, 2018). The association has been instrumental in encouraging member cooperation and teamwork, facilitating the sharing of knowledge and optimal procedures, and pushing for laws that promote the growth and advancement of the regional aerospace sector.
Innovation and Technology
According to the conclusions of the examination, the Arab aviation industry has been investing significantly in cutting-edge research and development to enhance air travel’s speed, safety, and dependability. Key advancements identified are technological advances to expedite airport operations and improve customer service (AACO, 2018). For instance, many Arab airlines have moved their check-in procedures online and installed automated kiosks at terminals to reduce the time passengers have to wait in queues and increase the overall effectiveness of their check-in procedures (AACO, 2018). In addition, carriers have begun to build smartphone programs that provide customers with access to their flight details, enable them to receive modifications in real-time, and even permit them to make alterations to their itineraries.
The report also highlights the role of innovation in improving airline operations and reducing costs. For example, airlines are using data analytics to optimize flight schedules and route planning, reducing fuel consumption and improving the overall efficiency of airline operations (AACO, 2018). Additionally, airlines are investing in new aircraft and engine technologies that are more fuel-efficient, reducing operating costs and improving environmental sustainability (Apostolidis et al., 2020).
Innovation and technology have also been critical in enhancing safety in Arab aviation. Airlines use advanced safety technologies, such as ground proximity warning systems and enhanced vision systems, to improve flight safety (Chung et al., 2020). As such, Arab airlines use data analytics to identify safety risks and take proactive measures to mitigate them.
Rational Aircraft Selection for Airlines: Factors and Criteria
Fleet planners face a challenging task in the highly competitive airline market: choosing the proper aircraft to meet their requirements. This decision is essential because it can influence the airline’s economic health, level of competition, and even its ability to continue operating in the long run. Airlines must consider several factors when selecting aircraft, including general purchasing variables and selection standards specific to each aircraft type. When selecting aircraft, airlines must exercise sound judgment to ensure their fleet can accomplish their goals while maximizing profits. The criteria for the selection can be broken down into two categories: those unique to the carrier, such as route network, its limits, and running expenses.
The other group entails those particular to the plane, such as spectrum, payload, and fuel effectiveness (Ardil, 2021). Fleet strategists must evaluate these characteristics to determine which aircraft type suits a certain route or market sector. As illustrated below, the factors to be considered are discussed in detail under each criterion for selection.
Operational Needs
As a fleet planner, an airline’s operational requirements are one of the most important considerations in aircraft selection because these directly affect the business’s earnings and operational effectiveness. An airline has special functional needs, including route network, client needs, freight space, and fuel efficacy (Dožić, 2019). The route network is one of the key operational specifications that must be satisfied while selecting planes. Carriers must select airplanes appropriate for their flight routes (Ban & Kim, 2019). For example, a regional airline specializing in flying shorter distances with fewer passengers per flight would opt for a smaller turboprop airliner, such as the ATR-72 or the Dash 8. Conversely, to meet the increasing passenger demand, long-haul aircraft operating itineraries across continents can choose bigger wide-body planes such as the Boeing 777 or the Airbus A380.
Demand from customers is an important additional requirement for operations. Airline companies are required to choose aircraft that can seat the anticipated number of customers for a specific route. For instance, if an airline anticipates an elevated need for passenger service on a specific route, the company can choose a larger aircraft capable of carrying more travelers to satisfy the requirement (Shah et al., 2020). On the contrary, if there are fewer requests for customer seats, the airline can choose a more compact aircraft so that it does not have to operate with a surplus capacity, which would result in higher running costs.
Cargo capacity is also an important operational demand when selecting an airplane. Airline companies want to choose aircraft capable of meeting the anticipated demand for cargo on a specific route. For instance, if a carrier anticipates an increased need for shipment of a particular trail, the operator can choose an aircraft with a bigger capacity for carrying goods, such as the Boeing 747-8 or the Airbus A330-200F (Baxter, 2021; Jung et al., 2020). Conversely, if there is a reduced need for freight, they can choose an aircraft with less space for cargo, such as the Boeing 737-800 or the Airbus A320.
Lastly, fuel effectiveness is essential for operational efficacy in plane procurement (Gray et al., 2021). Airlines ought to choose planes with low fuel consumption rates to lower their overall operating expenses. For example, the Boeing 787 and the Airbus A350 are well-known for their impressive fuel efficiency (Kozuba & Ojciec, 2019). This is mainly attributable to using composite elements in their development and incorporating modern engines and aerodynamics.
Financial Considerations
As a fleet planner, budgetary factors are important when choosing an aircraft. This is because choosing an aircraft significantly affects the carrier’s profitability. The financial impacts of the aircraft selection decision must therefore be carefully considered. When selecting a plane, fleet planners should consider several economic factors. These include the cost of the airplane’s initial purchase, its upkeep and repair expenses, and its residual worth.
The plane’s original purchase price is one of the most important financial factors. The purchase price of the aircraft, including any customization necessary, as well as the shipping and acceptance expenditures, must be considered by fleet planners. For instance, if a company wants to buy a brand-new Boeing 737 MAX 8, the aircraft cost would be about $117.1 million, per Boeing’s 2021 price list (Statista, 2022). Therefore, it is prudent for fleet administrators to compare the different prices of airplanes before making any purchases.
The aircraft’s running and operational expenses are yet another monetary factor. These expenses include fuel use, crew expenses, touchdown charges, and other varying expenses. Energy is one of the biggest operating expenditures for carriers, so fleet architects must consider the plane’s fuel economy. For instance, the Boeing 737 MAX 8 is one of the best fuel-efficient flights in its class, with a fuel usage rate of about 3.5 liters per 100 km (Boeing.com, 2022).
Fleet planners must consider the upkeep needs of the airliners, particularly the cost of labor and parts. According to Boeing’s 2021 pricing list, the annual maintenance cost for the Boeing 737 MAX 8 is around $4.4 million (Statista, 2022). Finally, fleet planners must take the aircraft’s residual value into account. The airplane’s valuation after its usefulness is its remaining worth.
Fleet managers must consider this when choosing an aircraft because it influences the total cost of ownership. For instance, a 20-year-old Boeing 737 MAX 8 is predicted to be worth 25% and 30% of what it costs to buy (Boeing.com, 2022). Financial elements are crucial to determining the criteria by which fleet administrators select aircraft for their companies.
Competitive Landscape
The competitive ecosystem is the aviation industry’s rivalry patterns and general marketplace conditions. When choosing an aircraft, fleet planners must consider many variables, including consumer preference, costs, competition, legal requirements, and technological advancements. Firstly, fleet planners must assess consumer demand to determine which routes and locations are frequently used (Kiracı & Akan, 2020). They must choose an airplane that meets customer requirements and offers the best possible balance of capacity and frequency. For instance, selecting an aircraft with a greater variety of business class seats can give companies an edge over others if a specific route has a significant need for business class travel.
Secondly, cost is an essential element that affects the choice of aircraft. Fleet strategists must analyze the pricing methods of their rivals to choose an aircraft that offers a cost advantage (Kiracı & Akan, 2020). For instance, choosing a plane with reduced operational expenses can help to provide a competitive edge if the rivals offer lower rates.
Thirdly, fleet directors must consider the competitive dynamics of the aviation sector when choosing a plane. They must assess the advantages and disadvantages of their rivals to choose an airplane that will give them an edge over their opponents. For instance, choosing an aircraft with greater velocity and quicker response times can give a competitive edge if the rivals offer a larger flight frequency (Kiracı & Akan, 2020).
Lastly, choosing an airplane also relies extensively on legal constraints. Fleet planners must consider the rules and licenses needed to operate an aircraft in a specific market. They must choose an airplane that satisfies legal standards and offers competitiveness (Kiracı & Akan, 2020). For instance, selecting an aircraft with reduced noise pollution can give you a competitive edge if a certain market demands noise mitigation accreditation.
Factors for Airlines’ Fleet Type Selection
To guarantee the profitability and efficiency of their flights, airlines must consider several aspects when recommending a fleet type for a specific market. These variables may include, among others, the marketplace’s size and composition, travel time between locations, the intensity of rivalry, traveler requests, gas mileage, and upkeep expenses. This section discusses these elements in more detail and illustrates how airlines consider each when recommending a particular fleet type.
The size and makeup of the market are two important aspects that airlines need to weigh when recommending a fleet type. This may involve population growth, commercial activity levels, and infrastructure accessibility. For instance, an airline could speculate about deploying larger aircraft like Boeing 737s or Airbus A320s to serve a sizable, highly concentrated marketplace with significant revenue generation (Gray et al., 2021). Conversely, the airline might operate smaller aircraft like regional jets or turboprops if it targets a smaller and less densely populated market.
The distance between locations is an additional factor to be taken into account. Airlines must choose planes that can fly the necessary distances effectively and securely. For instance, the airline may use smaller jets or turboprops, which can be more fuel-efficient and require fewer repairs, while flying on shorter networks with a comparatively lower seat capacity. The Boeing 787 or Airbus A350, fuel-efficient and providing greater cabin luxury over farther distances, may be chosen by airlines for longer flights with increased travel demand (Boeing.com, 2022; Kozuba & Ojciec, 2019).
Another crucial factor is the degree of market competition. If an airline is entering an area with fierce competition, it may need to contemplate deploying larger aircraft to compete on pricing or providing more upscale service to draw customers. In contrast, if it is entering a market with limited competition, it may be able to use smaller planes to minimize expenses and increase profitability.
Another important aspect to consider when choosing a fleet type is passenger demand. Airlines must offer the right number of tickets to meet demand and maintain profitability. For instance, airlines may need to deploy larger planes to accommodate the higher demand during peak travel times. In contrast, airlines may use smaller planes to cut expenses while minimizing vacant seats when demand is low.
When recommending a fleet type, energy efficacy and ongoing upkeep expenditures are also crucial (Bakır et al., 2021). While airplanes with costly maintenance can negatively affect profitability, fuel-efficient planes can help carriers cut operational expenses. For instance, airlines frequently choose the Boeing 737 MAX and Airbus A320neo due to their high fuel efficiency and reduced maintenance requirements.
Conclusion
The AACO Annual Report for 2018 clearly shows that the aviation industry in the Arab Market expanded significantly between 2008 and 2018. Numerous factors, including the emergence of low-cost carriers, rising passenger demand, government investments in infrastructure development, and the expansion of tourism in the area, can be credited for this growth. The research also emphasizes how implementing Open Skies agreements has given airlines additional options to grow their businesses and connect with more destinations.
The report also underlines how crucial it is for airlines in the area to work together and partner to strengthen their market positions and increase operational efficiencies. As fleet planners, airlines must choose aircraft logically by considering general purchasing variables and aircraft-specific selection criteria. The airline’s financial situation, market demand, competitiveness, and environmental rules may all be considered when purchasing.
On the other hand, selection criteria specific to an aircraft could consider factors like capacity, range, fuel efficiency, and maintenance expenses. Fleet planners must thoroughly examine each issue and create a complete fleet plan that aligns with the airline’s overarching goals to make an informed decision. When recommending a suitable fleet type for a given market, airlines must consider numerous criteria, including size, passenger demand, competitiveness, infrastructure, and regulatory needs. Fleet planning is essential to airlines’ success because it enables airlines to maximize operations, strengthen their market position, and satisfy changing passenger needs. Airlines must, therefore, weigh various aspects and choose aircraft logically to accomplish their overall goals.
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