1960
The development of medicine in 1960 required a more rigid division of hospital buildings and complexes by specialization. Complexes began to be designed and built everywhere as a series of free-standing medical buildings and auxiliary structures located isolated from each other among the greenery. The organizational and planning structure of medical buildings has changed. The principles of typing have become more widely used in them. Spaciousness developed to be one of the most important indicators determining the compositional solution of the hospital. The capacity of the beds ranged from 100 to 3000 beds (Gebreiter, 2021). The number of floors of the hospital started to be determined on the basis of general urban planning considerations, roominess, specifics of structures and technological conditions. The typed planning scheme provided for the allocation of tent sections with service rooms, clinical and therapeutic blocks, operating rooms, and utility rooms. Structural divisions began to include reception departments and rooms for the discharge of patients, ward departments, medical and diagnostic departments and laundries.
1970
In 1970, the planning scheme of the hospital complex began, which was, in most cases, based on the idea of isolated courtyards. In particular, the style of Scandinavian functionalism was approved, which largely determined the appearance of modern buildings around the world. One of the main principles was humanistic design, which consists of the unity of architectural forms and the surrounding landscape. The architecture of hospitals itself started to act as tool for recovery (Moslehian et al., 2021). Wards for patients were built around rectangular courtyards that were landscaped. Along the inner contour, there were covered colonnades that served as walking galleries. Such a system made it possible to place patients according to their diagnoses and stages of the disease. The terraced buildings of the hospitals were oriented in such a way that all the patients’ rooms were equally illuminated by the sun. In the middle, between the buildings with wards, there were buildings that could be used as workshops, common rooms, a refectory, and an infirmary. In the center of the composition, there was an administrative block that divided the building into male and female departments.
1980
The year 1980 became a stage in the formation of an architectural typological group of medical buildings, which was based on the differentiation of structures according to the social status of patients, branches of medicine, age of patients, and methods of treatment. Technological progress also influenced the design of hospitals – elevators and lifts were widely used to transport patients. It became the norm to place bathrooms and toilets at wards, everywhere electricity and electric lighting, central heating and ventilation were introduced, and methods of air purification and deodorization were applied. Interiors began to be equipped in such a way as to provide patients with maximum comfort for a long time. The need to influence the subconscious of people who are treated and work in medical institutions is realized. Dark ceilings and soft, diffused lighting started to prevail in the wards. In a double room, each patient had their own sink, during the construction of which special attention was paid to reducing noise when using water (Uslu et al., 2020). During this period, the system of norms and rules for the design of medical facilities had been formed, thereby summarizing the results of a long period of development of this type of complex.
References
Gebreiter, F. (2021). Accountingization, colonization and hybridization in historical perspective: The relationship between hospital accounting and clinical medicine in late 20th century Britain. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 35(5), 1189–1211. Web.
Moslehian, A. S., Kocaturk, T., Andrews, F., & Tucker, R. (2021). The nature of innovation in hospital building design: A mixed grounded theory study. Construction Innovation, 83(1), 1471–1475. Web.
Uslu, B. C., Okay, E., & Dursun, E. (2020). Analysis of factors affecting IoT-based smart hospital design. Journal of Cloud Computing, 9(67), 259–264. Web.