Introduction
The extension of market ties beyond national boundaries contrasts with liberalism due to the international nature rather than the state form. Through the use of the principle, this disagreement may be handled in two methodologies: by restricting international and commercial relationships or by internationalizing political institutions. As to comprehend the study’s concerns, the research will call attention to unsustainable speculations of some globalization detractors, such as multiple Balkan writers. However, entering the EU will nearly completely globalize Serbia and Crotaria’s economies (Takao 88). The EU is now virtually the whole globe for them, and it will be considered so after the nations join. Such anti-globalization Europeanism might be understood if democracy was vital to them as a market competition regulator and a corrector of social inequalities.
However, admission to the Eu entails globalization of all national markets. As a result, an opponent of globalization in Serbia or Croatia should oppose their nation’s entry into the EU. Similarly, proponents of free trade favor EU integration and are hostile to the concept of Nation states. Although it seems evident that protection must violate at least some human rights, it is remarkable that some leftist critics of globalization are also defenders of human rights across the globe (Sugow et al. 95). On the other hand, right–wing proponents of globalization frequently outline a weakness for the nation state, which can only be speculated as a method of interference with market operation. Hence the study deduces that globalization and socialism, nationalism and globalization do not align.
Human rights are emerging as individual lives shift online. Human rights were innovated before the accelerated compelling of technology; however, their merit in protecting every person has not changed. Human rights protection must be effectively enforced in the critical world’s digital sphere. The same rights that individuals have online must also be protected offline. Information and communication technology (ICT) advancements have changed the lives of every individual on the planet, not just in terms of politics, social life, and economics (Takao 89). Individuals have been able to exercise their human rights to a greater extent thanks to technological innovation.
Technology has enabled people to exert their freedom to impart and seek information and ideas without regard to frontiers, either orally in writing o using paint as a form of art. People are increasingly entitled to disperse knowledge in the form of novels, from establishing a blog to launching a crowdfunding campaign (Takao 88). As a result of information technology, communication patterns have shifted to enable individuals to interact in novel ways. These advancements have become so common that people take them for granted. Instead of sending an old-fashioned letter, millions of citizens use global online tools to communicate with their relatives and send remittances back home.
Moreover, people are empowered to express their various necessities through technology which aids in strengthening minorities and allows collective mobilization. However, technology is biased but ambivalent. It is unconcerned about its effects or use. Suppose human rights are to be fully guarded online; hence the impact of that biasness on human life and their link to the social, economic, and political process must be explored. In multiple cases, individuals have been exposed to new risks to their human freedom due to technology.
The transition of the rights to the digital domain is identified as the government censorship of online content becoming increasingly common. However, businesses’ and institutions’ subjective decisions when innovating computer algorithms to process data may comply with obstruction of freedom of expression. In the preceding years, one of the critical issues will be ensuring that the algorithm is developed to comply with human rights standards. In the technological era, the right to privacy has gotten much attention in recent decades. Evidence keeps surfacing that third parties can access private data from the government or organizations with increasing ease.
The public awareness of government surveillance and collection of personal data by large firms has risen, motivating many individuals to ensure the right to privacy in the online domain. However, bringing human rights to the internet must consider more than freedom of privacy and expression. It is imperative to highlight and analyze transitional effects if all human rights are valid offline. In the online sphere, the specifically ongoing practice of details assembling for scrutiny motives without preceding cynicism put the right to be alleged innocent until demonstrated guilty into question. Such anti-terror legislation has been credibly argued to determine the resumption of innocence.
Gezi Park in turkey is explicit, as was the government response used blocking and internet outages to prevent individuals from coordinating and gathering their protests. In this light, it is clear that the right to peaceful assembly and associations must also be examined in the digital realm (Sugow et al. 100). Social and economic rights and rights to be free of discrimination are also protected in the exact mechanism. The shift to the digital sphere has a growing influence on these rights. A strong push toward cyber security is one of the responses to concerns about national security. States have an increasing inclination to dispense security and military chronicles of the internet, whether it is a fight against terrorism.
The cyber security narratives tend to be heavy on security and short on human rights concerns. For instance, cyber security stories are frequently focused on private area implementation and preside outside of entrenched legal frameworks. While this may be a more rapid response to cyber-attacks, it undermines constitutional limits and protects state control over cyber security policy. The European Union’s member states and other countries face a significant challenge in refining online definitions of all human rights (Sugow et al. 95). Moreover, the current human rights framework must be reevaluated to consider the potential adverse influence of technological advancements.
As a significant international player with established devotion to human rights, the European Union plays a vital role in modifying present human rights concepts to technological advancement. The second phase the EU should initiate is to promote human rights by adjusting external and internal policies to the digital realm. The influence of the European Union and state actors will be limited as long as power in the digital domain is exercised outside of sovereign states’ territorial jurisdiction. Hence network and cooperation-oriented approaches are crucial for ensuring the protection and transition of human rights in the digital era (Shieh 4). Individual rights should be the focus of the discussion rather than boundaries. The article explores the impact of technology on human rights and the human policies initiated to govern human rights and freedom in the digital era.
Influence of Technology
People in numerous nations face human rights violations due to their usage of it and the internet. Much has been erudite concerning the pertinence of human rights online through examples of those abuses (Sharp 52). Reporters without borders enemies of the internet list are one of the instances where human rights have been violated. Ethiopia, India, North Korea, Pakistan, and Russia are among the countries represented. The overview focuses on human rights and artificial intelligence, the right to privacy, and freedom of articulation.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Human Rights
There is a great apprehension that growing machine independence would jeopardize human jobs. The concern is intensified by a lack of certainty about who will be held responsible either morally or legally when the AI machine causes harm (Riti et al.150). Automation and Al are altering the global employment market and substantially affecting the right to an adequate and fair job. Machine learning (ML), a form of AL, is quickly evolving, opening doors to accuracy, efficiency, and power ranging from cancer diagnosis to self-driving cars.
Data is the most significant component of machine learning. Companies like Hire Vue AL use this mechanism to make the hiring process more efficient. However, not all data is created equally and available in the same way across populations and regions (Sharp 53). Insufficient data availability and error or biased information are two of the most significant sources of risk for data-related prejudice. Hence technology has reduced human freedom as it has innovated machines to work for humans; thus, they become dependent on them. Moreover, it has reduced job opportunities hence increasing the rate of poverty.
Freedom of Expression
When it comes to freedom of expression government often violates it. People can use the internet to exercise their right to freedom of expression of opinion by exchanging and communicating ideas (Riti et al. 500). The number of people using the internet has increased by 2.3 billion since 2000. The government may employ multiple tactics, such as screening, restricting content, and cutting off access to technology: journalists, dissidents, and other individuals who express themselves online face adverse in several parts worldwide. The risk appears mainly in Syria, where the government closely monitors residents’ online activities to the point where many journalists have been slain, with some being imprisoned or kidnapped.
Since 2011 the committee to protect journalists has identified 89 cases of media or journalist workers slain in Syria. Pakistan is one of the few nations that come to close o Syria in terms of the threat to media and journalist workers’ lives, having 81 journalists slain(Shieh 5). Syria employs network and internet restrictions as part of the large-scale military operations. Governments in countries where the telecommunication industry is not as tightly regulated may strive to enchant their censorship capabilities by enacting new legislation. A regulation forcing social media users and bloggers to register with the authority has added constraints on freedom of articulation.
The Right to Seclusion with the Internet of Things
The line between the public and private realms blurs, placing individuals’ rights to privacy at risk. According to business insider, by 2020, there will be 34 billion gadgets connected to the internet. From smartphone location monitoring to motion sensors with an inbuilt video camera filming a person’s movements, all those technologies have the power to track and interact with individuals’ data (Krutch 7). Although several people value privacy more than ever, millions of individuals unknowingly give away their personal information.
Policy Dynamism Promoting the Alteration of Human Rights
Multiple governments have improved their surveillance capabilities over the past years, thus posing threats to the right to privacy. Several repressive regimes rely on effective and sophisticated surveillance software developed primarily in the north and Europe. A person can watch an original video as similar internet filtering practices can be located in several nations. From a policy and legal standpoint, the distinction between mass and targeted surveillance is critical (Adewoyin and Ayogu 10). Mass surveillance focuses on gathering as much data as possible from the internet, a random practice likely to violate the ICCPR art provision.
Targeted surveillance is focused primarily on a single person, a group, or a religion. It is at least potentially legal under international human rights regulations. Multiple European firms, including Qosmos of ultimate Germany and France, have been accused of selling surveillance technology to the Syrian government. Targeted malware has been used frequently and extensively during the Syrian conflict. At the same time, physical attacks that include torture, bombing, and military strikes are connected to attacks on Syrian internet surveillance and infrastructure (Riti et al. 302). Activists are likely to be killed and targeted when the network operates appropriately. When a network fails, it is usually a sign that a specific location is about to be bombed.
Human Rights Policy Initiatives
However, in the end, no guidelines or laws will be able to address all of the issues that digital development has innovated. To adequately protect digital rights and freedom of individuals, nations must work together to develop intelligent and comprehensive policies to meet their obligations under international agreements. Corporate executives ought to guarantee that due diligence as well as organizational compliance procedures safeguard and promote equality of opportunity (Sugow et al. 97). Export controls are increasingly significant to enchant human rights based on international policy. Existing measures, however, have proven to be insufficient in preventing the export of surveillance and censorship technologies to nations where human rights are violated daily due to a lack of oversight and international coordination (Sugow et al. 98). The Wassenaar arrangement is a forum for coordination but focuses on global stability and security rather than human rights. Although the listing is updated yearly, it takes time for surveillance and censorship technologies to be added.
Export control is emerging as a significant piece of equipment for enacting a human rights-based perspective in international policy. However, existing enchantments have proven inadequate in preventing the export of surveillance and censorship technologies to nations where human rights are occasionally violated because of a lack of oversight and international coordination. The Wassenaar arrangement is one such forum for coordination, although it focuses on global security and stability rather than human rights; despite the listing being updated yearly, it takes a significant amount of time for surveillance and censorship technologies to be added.
While some surveillance technologies, including targeted and mass surveillance, are listed in the current Wassenaar, where the definitions are to be updated to guarantee they cover the appropriate technologies. Apprehensions have been outlined about negotiating the actual list employed in Wassenaar. The negotiation takes place between a few government experts where there is minimal transparency about decision-making initiatives raising questions concerning the credibility of Wassennars.In contrast, civil communities and investigative journalists have played a significant role in monitoring the sale of unlined technologies.
Internet Governance and World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) Process
The WSIS meeting which was held in Tunis in 2005 and Geneva in 2003, proclaimed that it is necessary to give special attention to ICTs and other technological breakthroughs. Individuals need to live in a people-based, comprehensive, as well as growth-oriented Information Society. The two summits marked the beginning of a ten-year process in which several action lines would be taken to reach this aim. The human rights-based component is essential in this process since it focuses on individual empowerment, inclusive participation, affordability, and policies for access. The current discussion about Internet Governance’s missing control calls the WSIS process’s utility into doubt. Therefore, the difficulty becomes ensuring that human rights are considered in all future advancements. In this instance, the United Nations Second committee might assist by broadening the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) term until the end of 2015 (Sugow et al. 105). Any appendage should establish that the IGF addresses multiple of its criticisms.
Freedom Online Coalition
The online freedom coalition is a worldwide coalition of twenty-six governments from both poor and healthy nations, with 12 within Europe. The FOC organizes diplomatic efforts to promote online freedom of association, assembly, privacy, and expression. The measures include issuing demarcates and diplomatic notes in case of suspected human rights breaches online, sharing information, developing stances in international discussion, and developing joint public statements (Adewoyin and Ayogu 12). The coalition is expected to be involved in innovating consistent and suitable national regulations and laws that minimize the export and employment of such technologies.FOC is alleged to be used as cover by the authority to deflect accusations of human rights concerns.
Measures to Ensure Technological Sovereignty
Many nations have asked for steps to defend their citizens’ technological sovereignty to protect them from mass spying. It has meant compelling private amenities contributors to nationalize their functioning so that the government may obtain more extraordinary jurisdiction over the figures they keep. Although human rights, particularly the right to privacy, are commonly claimed to account for such acts, they also represent a change away from a state-centric approach to national security (Adewoyin and Ayogu 7). While governments seek more control over sensitive data, such efforts may only be lawful if states enhance human rights standards when localizing data.
Several European officials and corporations have advocated data localization standards, local internet traffic routing, and national email, but none has gained general acceptance. For example, the President of the European Council, Herman Van Rompuy, proposed additional undersea connections connecting Europe and Latin America. At the same time, the Finnish Minister of communication and Education, Krista Kiuru, wanted Finland to be a secure haven for data. Outside of Europe, Brazil was the first to contemplate mandating international corporations to retain data within its boundaries (Riti et al. 210). Nonetheless, this clause was subsequently omitted from the final language of its 2014 ‘Marco Civil da Internet, or Internet Rights Bill. Russia, on the other hand, has plans for data localization.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the world is amidst a massive technological transformation that has influenced all aspects of society. Digital technology has implicated multiple issues in exercising human governance rights and security. The test for authority private sector actors, the technology community, and civil society is whether they can develop holistic and proactive policies to ensure technology will be employed to increase security and freedom. Moreover, the benefits of digital technology are diffused to individuals worldwide through multi-stakeholder collaboration. The article summarizes human rights approaches in all dimensions and how technology influences them. The overt emphasis on monitoring and censorship has disguised several other human rights-based equally significant entities. While the study has attempted to present other examples, this research is likewise biased toward monitoring and censorship. It is a continual effort to broaden the view of this discourse and outline the vast number of rights influenced. There is perhaps no aspect of human rights that digital technology has not impacted. Thus technology harms freedom concerning the rights perspective.
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