Aspects of the Philosophy of Nature

Introduction The philosophy of nature is the hypothetical field that examines the natural environment or the actual universe in its broadest sense. This existence of distinction and focus on the origin’s dilemma has profoundly impacted present conceptions of creation. Nature is an inherent and essential component of humanity. It is...

Self-Consciousness in Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit

The Phenomenology of Spirit is a philosophical work by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, first published in 1807. The result of this paper is a systematic attempt to chart the development of human consciousness as it moves from naivety and unconsciousness through various stages of self-awareness until it finally reaches a...

Immanuel Kant’s Constructivist Theory

Introduction Kant’s Constructivism refers to the meta-ethical perspective that explains that there are objective criteria for rational norms. In this case, Kant’s idea was meta-ethical and based on normative truths. Normative truths are independent and objective of our actual judgments while they are still authoritative and binding for people. Kant...

Epistemology From Rationalist and Empiricist Perspectives

Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, is well-known for his work in epistemology and metaphysics. The question, “What can we know?” is central to much of his work. The short answer is that human understanding is limited to mathematics and the natural and empirical sciences. Kant argues that it is impossible...

Solving the Problem of Free Will for Libertarianism

Introduction Libertarians argue that people are, indeed, free. A libertarian’s views on free will tend to fall into one of two camps: the principle of alternate possibilities (AP) or the principle of ultimate authorship (UA). AP conceptualizes the idea that one would have acted differently. On the other hand, UA...

Discerning Humean Compatibilism

Introduction Humean compatibilism is a belief in the possibility of free will within the context of determined actions. This viewpoint is a compromise between the philosophically opposed ideas of free will and determinism. Whereas free will argues for the absence of predetermined fate, determinism states that all events are caused...

Analysis of Ayer and Mackie’s Works on Moral Judgement

Moral judgment is the process of deciding what to do when faced with an ethical dilemma, including questions of right and wrong. Different philosophers have developed theories for criticizing right and wrong and the forces that drive people to decide what is wrong and right. These philosophers include David Humes,...

Kantian Perspective on Lying: View of Ethics

Close inspection of different perceptions of morality in Western philosophy allows identifying unique features of philosophical teachings. Furthermore, studying how different philosophical doctrines approach violations of morality can be used for a clearer understanding of philosophers’ views. In a significant part of her works, O’Neil defended Immanuel Kant’s philosophy and...

Aristotle’s Conception of Science

Introduction Aristotle remains a great philosopher whose works and ideas continue to influence human thought and behaviors today. While he primarily presented numerous epistemological arguments, the philosophers offered additional information in other fields of study, such as science and the arts. The emerging conceptions remain practical and capable of guiding...

Ethical Objectivism and Ethical Relativism

Introduction As a Chinese official who uses moral relativism, I found there were no ethical standards for me during the repression in China in 1989. Thus, the solution of these pro-democracy movements is dispersing the demonstrators to protect their society. On the night of June 3 to 4, it was...

Groundhog Day: Philosophical Parallels

Summary Groundhog Day is an iconic film that has a classic rethinking of the time loop theme with deep philosophical overtones. Even though I had watched the movie several times before, I rewatched it a few days ago and found a lot to think about. The film builds parallels with...

Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason: Introduction

Experience is the utmost source of knowledge. People go through new experiences all the time, which gives rise to new knowledge. This means that future lives will always have new knowledge. Experience is also the source of understanding. Empirical knowledge is gained by experience and not innate ideas or deductive...

Is Money a Virtue or Evil: Discussion

Abstract This research proposal is based on whether money is evil or virtue for Christians. To adequately address this research problem, the researchers have decided to address the topic using four factors: meanness versus generosity and greed versus frugality. This will be a qualitative study because it aims to evaluate...

Existential Reflections: Meaning of Life

The most impressive layer of reflections on the philosophy of life and its meaning was provided by the French scientist and philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre. The philosopher gives a cynical idea of ​​the meaning of human existence. Sartre believed that people’s lives are the result of chance. His opinion is most...

Embracing the Power of a Liberal Arts Education

A college education that teaches general information and fosters intellectual development is often referred to as a liberal arts education in the twenty-first century. A degree in the liberal arts can equip a student for various careers in today’s economy. As Jamila Lyiscott said in the video, getting a top-notch...

Discussion of a Fable for Modern Times

A fable is a short narrative that can be written in prose or rhyme and conveys a straightforward moral or lesson. Examples of animal characters that are humorous, clever, or foolish creatures who reflect human flaws and vices abound in tales. The moral lesson of a fable may occasionally have...

Lakatos and Kuhn: Science is Progressive

Introduction Science has a history characterized by an incommensurate succession of paradigms. Kuhn asserts that a sole paradigm’s empirical work is of little significance to that of another (Kuhn, 1974). Comparing paradigms on identical grounds, for instance, empirical adequacy, proves inconclusive. Diverse paradigms differ on the meaning of truth or...

Immanuel Kant’s Enlightenment Analysis

In the essay What Is Enlightenment, Immanuel Kant provides readers with the definition of enlightenment as well as the path towards it. In his own words, enlightenment may be defined as “man’s release from his self-imposed tutelage.” The tutelage, which can also be perceived as immaturity, is the concept by...

Spinoza’s vs. Descartes’ Philosophy of Substance

Introduction The initial problem of the philosophical worldview is the doctrine of being. In modern times, the search for unity and stability in the world has transformed into a solution to the problem of substance. Various philosophers recognized as such either one substance, two consciousness and matter, or many. Thus,...

Rousseauism: The Voice of Nature

Rousseauism The dream of a better life and the idea that each generation should live better than the previous one has made a decisive contribution to the pursuit of scientific and technological innovation, reform, and continuous progress. However, not all concepts agree that moving forward is tantamount to approaching a...

Virtue Ethics and Education: Can We Teach Character?

The ethics of virtue today is one of the three main approaches in normative ethics. It can be characterized as an approach that attaches particular importance to virtues and moral character. This is put in contrast to approaches that emphasize the importance of responsibilities and rules or the consequences of...

Philosophy: Theory of Knowledge of Plato

Introduction The cave’s inner part embodies the sensual world; it is dim, gloomy, and devoid of natural light, where a group of prisoners sees the shadows. Consequently, the outer part illustrates the intelligible, material world, filled with the magnificence and beauty of light from the sun. Thus, the prisoner’s journey...

Social Justice, Education, and Critical Pedagogy

Introduction Education helps in social and economic development and is significant for any political decision. Through education, academics can interact with people and develop creative solutions that help save the world. Praxis is a deliberative, responsible, human-moral action that involves wise judgment. The approach is the basis of creativity in...

Justice: Libertarianism and Utilitarianism

Introduction Justice is primarily concerned with the ideals that should support the state, politics, and the law relevant to Western pluralistic cultures. Sandel provides a three-way argument between utilitarian, liberal, and communitarian viewpoints, with the latter emerging victorious, aided by a healthy dose of neo-Aristotelianism. Reasonable explanations are provided, and...

Jonathan Bennett’s Proposed Role of Sympathy in the Moral Life

Jonathan Bennett, a well-known philosopher, was intrigued by the role of sympathy in moral life. His study explored how people approach their moral views and personal sympathies. Bennet (1974) selected stories from the lives of people like Huckleberry Finn, Heinrich Himmler, and Jonathan Edwards to illustrate and support his point....

The Problem of Self as a Philosophic Question

Introduction The problem of determining human nature has always been topical. Individuals have always tried to determine the nature of their selves and find their places in the world. For this reason, the question of self is one of the fundamental ideas in both Western and Eastern philosophies. Thinkers have...

John Locke and Thomas Hobbes’s Perspectives on Absolute Sovereignty

Introduction Sovereignty is the ability of states to make laws and shape policies in their territories. Territories must obey the sovereignty in force and fulfill obligations by complying with laws and regulations. Different perspectives on the power of sovereignty determine how public policy operates to legislative and executive powers. The...

The Mind-Body Problem in Philosophical Theories

Introduction The mind-body problem is a philosophical discussion explaining the relationship between the body and mind. Various past and modern philosophers have developed varied positions regarding whether the mind is independent of the body. Sufficient evidence shows that the mind is what the brain does and that both are interdependent....

Exploring Peter Singer’s Ethical Concepts in “Famine, Affluence, and Morality”

Explanation of the Principles and Concepts For millennia, philosophers have been searching for the truth of ethics by making new observations. Modern research is focused on the search for ethical inquiries in the practical activity of a people, reducing the metaphysical part. Among contemporary philosophers of this trend, one should...

The Scottish Enlightenment: Stadial History and Early Anthropology

Similar to many other regions of Western Europe, the Enlightenment era greatly affected the social, cultural, and political aspects of life in Scotland. In particular, the concept of “useful knowledge” was a significant term that many Scottish thinkers of the 18th century frequently used in their writings and presentations. In...

The Phrase “I Think Therefore I Am” by Descartes

Descartes’ Rules Accept nothing as true that is not self-evident Divide problems into their simplest parts Solve problems by proceeding from simple to complex Recheck the reasoning “I Think Therefore I am” The famous phrase is attributed to Descartes’ writings on the nature of self, and reality. Fundamentally, Descartes was...

A Perception of Kant’s Moral Value

Introduction People determine the moral value of acts differently since environment and experience play a role in shaping one’s opinion of morality. The criterion for the acceptability of deeds is different for everyone, so it is difficult to choose a single view of morality and the morality of an act....

Hellenistic Philosophies in the Present Day

In the present day, four Hellenistic philosophies are less followed by people due to their changed perceptions of reality and life values. From a personal perspective, cynicism in its understanding by ancient Greek philosophers has less importance for modern individuals in comparison with other teachings. It emphasized the importance of...

Theories of Governance: Plato’s and Aristotle’s Theories

Plato’s Theory of Governance In Plato’s approach to philosophy, everything is prone to decay, and, therefore, forms of government also decay. Even the best form of government will inevitably deteriorate into a less perfect form. Nevertheless, Plato proposes four stages of governance to show how one stage transforms into another...

The “Permanence and Change” Book by Burke

Basic Knowledge Burke is notable at supplying the reader with an abundance of information on psychological and sociological topics alike. The most useful of them in terms of philosophy of communication would be occupational psychosis, piety as a system builder, and the pathetic fallacy. Occupational psychosis is concerned with the...

The “Truth & Method” Book by Hans-Georg Gadamer

Basic Knowledge The truth may be discovered via art, and the truth of art can elevate any way of comprehension. An experience can inspire a piece of art, which can then be produced to depict the event. In certain circumstances, the accuracy or correctness with which a piece of art...

“The Nicomachean Ethics” Book by Aristotle

Basic Knowledge of the Book The Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle is a major guiding force in academic and political ethics, which is a fundamental factor for human existence. The book is based on the author’s views and is subject to constructive and negative criticism from its intended audience. From my...

Coronavirus Pandemic in Context of Existentialism

Introduction Many philosophies are trying to provide their own, unique explanation of the world and humans’ place in it. One of them, existentialism, suggests that people “exist before there is the essence and cannot but create or construct essence and meaning” (Vandekerckhove, 2020, p. 130). Discussion According to that philosophy,...

The “Confessions” Books by St. Augustine

Confessions by Augustine is a series of books by St. Augustine, which describe his life’s journey and transformation from a sinful paganistic individual to a devout Christian. These books are some of the earliest theological and scholastic works depicting one’s path towards religion. It is often described as a ‘self-help’...

The “Philosophy of Communication Inquiry” Book by Holba

Metaphors for Other Philosophy provides people with a basis to reflect on various aspects of life and the meanings behind them. In Chapter 13 of her book Philosophy of Communication Inquiry, Annette Holba introduces her selection of metaphors for the Other, with one of the major arguments revolving around connections...

The Evolution of Thought on Governance

The issue of governance has always occupied a significant place in philosophy because the former directly affects people’s social life. The most prominent thinkers of different epochs dedicated their attention and effort to explain what governance was, why it existed, and what forms were preferable. This state of affairs has...

“Cartesian Meditation” Book by Edmund Husserl

Husserl presents an excellent introduction to phenomenology and develops a new approach to looking at reality, and this is one way the book advanced my theoretical knowledge. Husserl meditations depict a huge influence of Leibniz’ Modadology because the Cartesian ego attains conversion into the monad (Husserl 68). Hence, this brings...

The Utilitarianism Argument for Public Policy

Introduction Utilitarianism holds that an action that is morally right should result in the most good. The theory of Utilitarianism refers to a type of consequentialism, which indicates that actions are understood based on the consequences produced. A Utilitarian view aims to maximize the overall good of others as well...

“The Future of an Illusion” by Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud is a highly controversial figure among philosophers, often criticized. Despite the significant number of published works, they have often been considered frauds. Nevertheless, some of Freud’s writings, especially later ones, deserve more detailed attention. One such work is “The Future of an Illusion”, in which Freud examines the...

Free Will vs. Determinism as Philosophical Problem

The problem of free will or the question of determinism is a fundamental problem of human cognition and the nature of one’s thoughts. This problem is characterized by a well-known philosophical reflection on whether man’s mind generates his being or vice versa, and a great deal depends on it. Whether...

Deterministic Approach and Free Will

In philosophy and social sciences, a debate regarding the existence of free will resulted in the creation of a deterministic approach. The classical doctrine of determinism suggests that every event and incident in human life is controlled by laws of nature and mystical powers. Thus, the deterministic views opposed the...

Plato’s Concept of Forms and the Soul’s Immortality

Introduction The question of the existence of the soul and its fate after a person’s death occupies the minds of many philosophers. One of the dialogues introduced by Plato, “Phaedo”, contains his view of the soul, presenting it as indestructible and the opposite of death. The philosopher provides dialectical evidence...

The Theory of Utilitarianism: Philosophical Issues

Utilitarianism is a direction in ethics that presents utility as the basis of morality. It is the principle of evaluating phenomena, processes, objects, and information only in terms of their usefulness and ability to serve as means to a goal (Scarre, 2020). The essence of utilitarianism consists of its concept...

Productive Study of the Subjective Through Physicalism

The fact that humans are aware of time and space demands that science investigates consciousness from a near-spiritual perspective on existence. Physicalism is a worldview rooted in the notion that everything is physical with no room for any other domain, such as epiphenomenalism or soul. This essay answers Thomas Nagel’s...

A Non-Skeptical View of Morality

Introduction Morality is a philosophical view concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behaviour. Overall, morality is a particular system of values, which are dictated by individual’s inner standards or principles. There are two views on morality; they are skeptical and non-skeptical views. Moral skepticism is...

Thompson’s Lamp Paradox as a Philosophical Puzzle

Since the beginning of time, paradoxes have fascinated both scientists and laypeople, igniting debate. Some have not yet been resolved or cannot be resolved in general, while others appear paradoxical because the solutions defy logic. In science, the emergence of any new field of understanding often starts with discovering previously...

Argument Analysis: Rene Descartes and Princess Elisabeth

It is important to note that the first five correspondences between Elisabeth and Descartes delve into the subject of soul and body. The central question posed by the Princess is about how an immaterial substance, such as a soul, can move and affect a material body. The analysis of the...

John Locke’s Essay and Definitions Conceptual Analysis

In the John Locke’s Of Identity and Diversity under review, the author discusses several definitions of identity and self and separates them into component parts and terms. His philosophical definitions of thought, perception, and interaction intersect with rejecting and denying certain definitions and concepts. It is necessary to analyze and...

Confucianism as Ethical-Philosophical Doctrine

Confucianism is an ethical-philosophical doctrine that became widespread in the countries of the Asian region. The main issues are the relationship between rulers and subjects, moral qualities, and virtue as obligatory character traits for all people. The teachings of Confucius have developed as one of the greatest because they include...

Deontology: The Concept of the Moral Law

It is important to note that the moral law is a mandate which dictates how a person must act. The latter is Kant’s perspective on ethics and morality, where the supreme principle of morality or Categorical Imperative lies at its core. The act of lying contradicts the morality of truth,...

The Evolution and Stability Concepts Comparison

The word evolution refers to social changes that are carried out according to general principles. In the evolutionary process, each new state about the previous one appears to be better both quantitatively and qualitatively. Evolution is interpreted as a process carried out by itself and is thus a kind of...

“The Communist Manifesto” Book by Karl Marx

Karl Marx was a German philosopher, currently known for such works as Das Kapital and The Communist Manifesto. During his lifetime, he was not that popular among his contemporaries, however, later, he gathered a large number of followers. In the latter work, Marx criticizes the current system and current ruling...

Thomas Aquinas and His Philosophy

The philosophy of Thomas Aquinas is one of the brightest systems of thought in medieval Europe and world philosophy in general. Thomas Aquinas himself did not consider his philosophy original and claimed that he was striving only for an exact reproduction of the main ideas of Aristotle (Brook, 2018). However,...

That Which Concerns a Prince on the Subject of the Art of War

It is important to note that warfare and the ability to defend oneself are key aspects of rule and governance. There is a reason why the largest and most powerful nations on the planet invest heavily in their militaries, such as the United States, and China, or Russia. The strength...

Philosophical Theories on Moral Duty

Introduction There are a few different reasons why philosophers might think that there is a formula for determining moral duty. One reason is based on social contract theory, which holds that humans have a duty to obey the law because they have agreed. Another reason is based on the role...

Philosophy of What Constitutes a Good Life

Introduction Philosophy and religion are tightly connected with the human desire to understand the world and themselves. Many different theories were proposed in order to better quantify the human condition and determine the ultimate purpose and aim of life. However, it still remains impossible to find definitive truths about living...

Virtue Ethics: The Moral Ideology

Virtue ethics is a moral ideology developed as early as ancient Greece by the famous philosopher and thinker Aristotle. He believed that our purpose is to pursue our true human goal, eudaimonia, which is best understood as human prosperity or a life of abundance. It is a fundamental concept in...

Consequentialist Approaches to Ethics

Introduction Consequentialism is a theory of ethics in which people should choose actions based on the expected outcomes of those behaviors. Consequentialism does not specify which virtues should be maximized, but people can choose values in a way that corresponds to what is important to them (Ivlampie, 2017). Thus, this...

Sartre’s Theory of Existentialism

Introduction The focus of the philosophical trend of existentialism is the question of existence. The absurdity, despair, freedom, alienation, and responsibility became entrenched in the system of theoretical science and the social and moral cultural model emerging in the twentieth century with existentialism (Hayim 14). The supporters of existentialism aimed...

Hegel’s Account of Freedom and the Modern State

German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel is recognized for shaping contemporary philosophical thought. Hegel’s view of freedom was that it was a human entitlement, not a person’s right, but merely a product of human logic. Hegel comprehensively explains his viewpoint in the books, Outlines of the Philosophy of Right and...

Sartre’s Existential Philosophy

Jean-Paul Sartre is a renowned philosopher of the 20th century, belonging to the same group of philosophers as Kierkegaard and Nietzsche and contemporaneous to Albert Camus and Simone de Beauvoir. The latter ones all experienced the same significant event that tremendously influenced their life and philosophy: The Second World War....

Incompatibilism and Determinism in Human Life

When it comes to the philosophical aspects of life, many people support the idea of free will. This idea is deeply ingrained in their actual experiences to the extent that it is nearly hard to consider the possibility that their perspectives are incorrect. For example, when individuals contemplate various actions...

Skepticism in Descartes’ Meditations

Rene Descartes was a famous philosopher from the era of Enlightenment who has made some relevant points today. Throughout his life, he has challenged the views he was taught and one’s perception of the world. This made the philosopher one of the most influential figures in skepticism and rationalism. The...

Utilitarian vs. Kantian: Comparative Analysis

A utilitarian person is usually characterized as having a desire for practical benefits. The concept of utilitarian means imbued with narrow practicality, limited by immediate interests, needs or prescriptions of utility motives, benefits (Mensah & Agyemang, 2020). This means that such a person will see a valuable advantage in having...

Heraclitus’s Philosophy of Change

Formal Analysis P1: All living beings undergo constant change at every point in their lives. P2: Inanimate things are subject to continuous change. P3: Everything in the world exists in a cycle of change as fire does. C: Heraclitus’s philosophy of change is the correct way to think about the...

Principle of Utility and Golden Rule of Jesus

Principle of Utility The principle of utility represents behaviors or actions that are either approved or discredited as per the degree of their benefit. It is one of the major theological principles related to hedonism. The author John Stuart Mill developed this phenomenon back in the 19th century, in the...

Law Obedience and Moral Principles

Introduction Philosophy has always played a significant role in humans’ lives, and the greatest philosophers create laws that are different from governmental regulation but close individuals’ beliefs. The Crito is one of the famous ancient dialogues where the main character Socrates states that injustice should not be replied with injustice,...

Analysis of Arguments for God’s Existence

There are different approaches in philosophy that discuss the existence of God from all viewpoints. Some intend to prove that God exists, whereas other concepts support the idea of his non-existence. The third ones suggest the idea of agnosticism, claiming that it is not possible to prove the existence or...

The Enlightenment According to Kant

Introduction Enlightenment in history was an era that appeared in the 18th Century, with many people being stakeholders in this significant change. It was a movement that turned out to be philosophical and intellectual. The ideologies of this era focused on the worth of human contentment, the pursuit of knowledge...

The Human Nature Concept Analysis

It is important to note that human nature is a highly complex and intricate subject because it is rather challenging to define and pinpoint. Such an elusive characteristic of the concept makes it challenging to prove or disprove its existence. However, an argument can be made that human nature is...

Plato’s “Allegory of the Cave” in the Modern World

Introduction The Allegory of the Cave is the cornerstone of objective idealism, illustrating the world of things and the world of ideas. Many researchers rightly consider the Allegory of the Cave to be Plato’s central conversation (within the great dialogue of the State) and one of the primary texts in...

Ethical Philosophy in Business

In this essay, I argue that Thomas Donaldson’s view of global businesses being held accountable for their harmful activities in foreign countries is ethical and justifiable. I begin by outlining Thomas Donaldson’s strong arguments about justice practices that subject foreign citizens to technological risks that are more destructive than in...

Philosophical Discussion of Justice by Rawls and Hobbes

In their philosophical discussion of justice, Rawls and Hobbes adhered to different considerations, which informed their opposing definition of this concept. On the one hand, Rawls defined justice, emphasizing its so-called ideal state without proper consideration of the injustices (Wilburn 96). In particular, Rawls perceived justice as the prevalence of...

Sartre’s Theory Against Placing Meaning in Human Existence

Sartre’s theory argues against placing meaning in human existence and believes it to be meaningless. Sartre believes that existence preceded essence, which means that we are born and then define ourselves over time through our own free will choices. Whoever we are, according to Sartre, is a result of the...

“Learning from the Germans” by Neiman, Susan

Embracing historical instances of global injustice, one must admit that of all the evils that the humankind has ever created, the Holocaust as the persecution and extermination of Jews and slavery as the failure to recognize the humanity of African American people in the U.S. represent by far the worst....

Aspects of Humanistic Theories

I agree with the statement that humans are products of their choices. According to existential theory, people have responsibility for their actions and incorporate meaning by creating their world (Glowiak, 2017). According to research, people are more inclined to seek counseling and self-help when they maintain belief in their ability...

Relation Between Religion and Neurology

Introduction Religion exists in every recognized global civilization, yet not all faiths hold a similar system of doctrines. The case for the presence of God can be made using the religious experience defense. According to this theory, the most plausible justification for religious encounters is that they represent a true...

Ethics in Confucianism (Chinese Religion)

Religion and philosophy are thought to be inextricably linked in the East. Confucianism is a belief founded on the ethics and philosophy of Confucius, a Chinese philosopher (Weiming, 2021). Confucianism is more commonly described as a social and ethical doctrine than religion. Confucianism does not have a deity, but it...

Knowledge Is Perception in Theaetetus by Socrates

Introduction In Theaetetus, Socrates argues about the matter and essence of knowledge in his dialogue with Theodorus. While the latter believes that knowledge is perception, the former provides another perspective of knowledge, giving examples and refuting the arguments of Theodorus and Theaetetus. In this work, Plato endeavors to show that...

Platonism, Stoicism, and Christianity

In Plato’s works, The Republic and Timaeus, the philosopher presents two ideas – the allegory of the cave and the analogy of the divided line. In the analogy, Plato describes a line that is unequally separated into four parts. Each of these segments represents two parts of the visible and...

The Absurd, the Real, and the Supernatural

Although most people believe in the supernatural, they struggle with the absurdity of life every day. For example, the life considered real by many could be a dream, while that lived in dreams could be the real one. Absurdism is a conflict that arises when humans try to seek order...

The Theory of the Act Utilitarianism

Act utilitarianism is a theory of ethics stating that any act of a person is morally right only if it promotes the best possible results and creates the greatest good for the majority. In such a way, the overall well being should serve as the major factor considered before performing...

Descartes’ Worldview and Concepts of Skepticism

Understanding certain philosophical concepts can have many positive aspects for an individual. This scientific work aims to examine Descartes’s worldview and compare it with the concepts of skepticism. Descartes’ main contribution is to initiate significant changes in philosophy. Moreover, the philosopher started by questioning everything in order to gain an...

Socrates’ Wisdom and Rational Thinking

Introduction Philosophers tried to find the meaning of life throughout history, and there is no unanimous opinion on this issue even nowadays. As Socrates claims in Plato’s “Apology,” “the unexamined life is not worth living”. This perspective articulated by Socrates emphasizes the importance of knowledge and cognition in finding the meaning...

Chapter 7 of The Archetypes of Wisdom by Soccio

The Archetypes of Wisdom Seventh Chapter’s Summary The chapter discussed hedonism as a doctrine, a system of views and beliefs that form a system of values, according to which pleasure is the highest good and the meaning of human life. Further, few other concepts are mentioned. Stoicism, which was founded...

Principles of Morality and Happiness

Numerous thinkers contemplated ever-lasting principles of morality and happiness. David Hume suggested his perspective on this phenomenon, stating that if a person is incapable of differentiating between good and evil, then there is some extra-human ability for distinction (“Hume notes for ethics,” n. d.). When claiming that morality is a...

Kant and Mill: The Ethics of Lying

Deontology suggests that morality is based on universal rules defining bad or good. As a supporter of this theory, Kant, in Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals and On the Supposed Right to Lie From Benevolent Motives, argues that lying is always a wrong action. The philosopher explains that a...

Anticipatory Perception of Making a Difference

Introduction People are different, and each has unique qualities, yet it seems common for many individuals to wish to be someone else. I aspire to become a finer person than I am now, and the proposals of such historical figures as Plato, Martin Luther King Jr., and Hegel can assist...

The Death Philosophy in Religion and Science

Death is an intrinsic part of human existence, as it is the endpoint of life. It is everywhere, and it is foolish to deny the fact that death can be avoided. There are people who try to live much longer than their allotted time. New scientific approaches and research are...

Free Will in Characters of Literary Works

Free will could be described as an ability to choose. People have always wanted to be free, and to achieve this; people gave their lives. Modern people are much more fortunate because they have rights. However, there is still no concept of absolute freedom, and a person cannot be free....

The God’s Existence: The Cosmological Argument and Counterarguments

The cosmological argument is the viewpoint that proves the God’s existence using empirical facts. In essence, everything in the universe is moved or created by another motion, cause, or existence (Jononymous Personymous, 2021a). If a certain phenomenon can be observed, then it has to originate from another phenomenon, thus forming...

Ralph Waldo Emerson’s “Nature”: Key Ideas and Conclusions

Ralph Waldo Emerson’s essay “Nature” was released in 1836 by James Munroe and Company. In his paper, Emerson laid the groundwork for transcendentalism, a religious system that promotes a non-traditional view of nature. Transcendentalism holds that nature is infused with the supernatural, or God and that studying nature may reveal...

Descartes and Autonomy of Human Understanding

Experiences shared by society have different effects on individuals and, in some cases, provide a reason for self-reflection. The recent and not fully resolved COVID-19 pandemic can be used as an example where billions of people worldwide were affected, but the outcomes were unique for each person. The uniting feeling...

Plato, Skeptic, and Stoic: Philosophical Dialogue

Plato “I believe that truths are to be unearthed, and knowledge is permissible. Truth is not relative but objective as it conforms with how our reasoning apprehends a statement’s logic. It is thus wrong to state that people lack knowledge in some rudimentary way. However, there must be a distinction...

How Socrates from The Golden Ass Is Inferior

Introduction Tragedies in a book or movie may portray men as worse than they are in real life, while comedies portray them as better. In a tragedy, the protagonist finds himself in a dire situation; in a comedy, he finds himself in a favorable one. According to Aristotle, tragic hero...

Wealth Inequality and Redistribution: Robert Nozick’s Perspective

Poverty and wealth inequality have been concerning society for a very long time. The latter has sparked a debate regarding justice and wealth inequality. In the section How Liberty Upsets Patterns, Robert Nozick depicts how a person can benefit from the distribution of the second party. However, I will explain...

Critique on Determinism in Philosophy

In philosophy, for a long time, there has been a dispute about the existence of free will, its limits and nature, and from there, the concept of determinism has arisen. According to Costello et al. (2019), “the most commonly used conceptualization of free will and determinism beliefs is a quadripartite...

Comparison of Christian Ethics and Metaethical Theory

Introduction The comparison between Christian and metaethics theory is very appropriate to discuss, especially during the learning and growing stage of life. As Christians, I believe we have to set specific standards that will be decided if a conducted code of ethics is wrong or correct towards representing the life...

Application of Utilitarian Theory of Morality

Finding a Solution to an Ethical Dilemma Utilitarianism is the ideology based on the idea that human life is not significant and that the genuine value is the benefit that one person can potentially bring. The utilitarian approach and values focus on estimating the statistical happiness that particular actions can...

The Essay “Civil Disobedience” by Henry David Thoreau

The work Civil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau is an illumination of the current shortcomings of the government. In the essay, the author describes the evil side of the authority that uses its power to reach its benefits, disregarding the nation’s interests. The paper written by Thoreau serves as a...

The Rogerian Theory and Its Applications

The Rogerian argument posits many advantages to an Aristotelian discussion. Individuals are likely to become defensive when others confront them. In this way, the Rogerian approach tries to defuse a tense situation and connect these factions rather than seek domination of one over the other (Quinn, 2015). It involves establishing...

Virtue and the Philosophical Issue That Surrounds It

One of the dialogues of Plato’s Meno is set around the argument between Socrates and Meno, where he challenges the philosopher to state how virtue is archived and what is its nature. At the end of the part, Socrates reveals that the confident Meno does not understand how virtue is...

Berkeley’s Evolving Theory: Philosophical Reflection

Philosophical queries are multifaceted and involve reflection and awareness. Especially notable is the thought that people’s limited capacity for perception creates a subjective stance toward the world. A direct consequence of this is a belief in the distance and increased priority over the rest of the world. Buddha and Berke...

“The Socratic Dialogues” by Plato

For Plato, philosophical wisdom is characterized by the ability to confront the trial of serious conversation. As proposed in the apology, this usual criterion precludes nearly every sort of what is normally known as wisdom without a moment’s delay. Neither the legislator, the craftsman, nor the artist can clarify the...

St. Thomas’s Natural Law Teaching and Aristotle’s Teaching in Ethics

People tend to have varying views on numerous aspects of life and explain some significant and primary concepts differently. Thus, attempts to discuss and define natural law started in Ancient Greece; later, many brilliant philosophers, including Thomas Aquinas and Thomas Hobbes, tried to understand this concept. Overall, according to Hobbes...

Analysis of Shantideva’s Philosophy

Shantideva was an Indian philosopher and monk who preached ideas of virtue and promoted many basic principles of Buddhism. Among the many themes he raises in A Guide to the Bodhisattva’s Way of Life, there is an exploration of the nature of patience, which is often the result of reflection...

Descartes: Philosophical Analysis

The perception of the world by the human mind is one of the fundamental questions studied by philosophy. Understanding one’s self and awareness of reality are questions that puzzled the philosopher of antiquity, Descartes (Miceli, par. 4). He tried to answer this question in his writings and came to an...

Philosophical Thinkers and Questions in Ethics

The fundamental difference between philosophy and science is that the former asks conceptual questions and tries to find explanations entirely through thinking. On the other hand, the latter formulates theories that can be tested experimentally. The first crucial philosophical question is related to the existence of objects, which is asked...

Do Human Beings Have Free Will?

Free will, what is it and do human beings have it? Does everyone have free will? Is free will a concept to be able to account for the evils within our world if you believe in any form of a higher power? Is free will a real thing, or is...

Religion and Politics as Modern Fictions

Summary Religion is part of a categorization system that looks neutral to the secular liberal, presented in awareness as conforming to how the environment is, irrespective of the discursive structures that comprise our communal interpretative misgivings. According to critical religion, religion is a power category that interacts dialectically with other...

Kant’s Role in Developing Moral Philosophy

It is challenging to overestimate Kant’s role in developing moral philosophy, which explains the fact that many other experts rely on his works. In her article “Morality as a System of Hypothetical Imperatives,” Foot (1972) attempts to deny a commonly held belief that moral judgments cannot be hypothetical imperatives. In...

Machiavelli’s The Prince: Political Virtue or Unethical Governance?

The Prince political treatise is known for being rather controversial and making people have conflicting ideas, which affected the reputation of the text’s creator Niccolò Machiavelli. Some interpret the book as immoral and encouraging cruel rule in which Machiavelli promotes unethical governance. However, others consider this writing to be a...

Philosophical Puzzle “If a Tree Falls in the Forest”

Introduction Human thought has long been attracted to the theory of knowledge and the understanding of the nature of knowledge. People have asked themselves philosophical questions related to the reasons why one might think that they know something. In this regard, the age-old epistemological puzzle about a tree falling in...

Stoicism vs. Epicureanism: Comparative Analysis

Ancient Greek philosophy is a diverse subject containing various perspectives on life. While some of them did not pass the test of time and were left as relics of the past, others remained relevant to the present day and had a massive influence on the development of philosophical thought. Despite...

Discussion of Plato’s Views on Reality

The main concept of Plato’s cave allegory is to describe the human condition, in which genuine truth is veiled and misleading pictures and information are mistaken for reality. Plato describes the narrative of a person who is led down the Gnostic road in the allegory. This allegory depicts the state...

Philosophical Understandings of Anthropology

Philosophical anthropology is a philosophical branch, the purpose of which is to combine different research studies on human nature to provide an understanding of people as both creatures of their environment and those influencing their values. By combining the components inherent to both theology and psychology, it becomes possible to...

Discussion: Meditation on Death Awareness

Meditation on death may sound gloomy and unnecessary, but it has a great spiritual potential for ourselves. People get used to the things they possess and love during the life course. But, when the death comes, the self is deprived of all these things and has to start the death...

The Three Principal Aspects of the Path

The Condition of Living Beings The best way to help living beings is to show them the path leading to liberation. Thus, the best way is the unity of method and wisdom, which is the quintessence of the teachings of all the Buddhas, that is, these three essential aspects —...

Free Will (Nurture) vs. Determinism (Nature) in Human Life

It is essential to emphasize that the question of what influences people’s feelings or actions is one of the most archaic not only in philosophy but also in psychology. There are two various points of view on this issue; the first asserts that hereditary and natural factors determine the identity...

Truth Happens to an Idea: Pragmatism

William James appears to be a prominent figure in the field of philosophy. He lived in the second half of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century in the United States, and his professional activity regarded philosophy, history, and psychology. William James has become famous for...

The Philosophy of of Confucianism

The Chinese culture has its foundation in Confucianism, an ancient philosophy and belief system. It was invented by Confucius, a philosopher and teacher who lived from 551 to 479 before Common Era (BCE) (Makeham 4). According to several writings produced by Confucius ‘ pupils, confucianism stresses concepts of ethical behavior,...

Researching of the Philosophy of Daoism

Daoism is a religion-philosophical indigenous Chinese tradition that has affected the lives of countless Chinese for over 2000 years. Laozi, a great philosopher in the Roman period BCE, is the central figure of Daoism (Van 54). Most people believe this thinking to be a religion, yet it does teach us...

Subjectivism: Approach Toward Knowledge

Formal Analysis P1: To know that something exists is to experience its existence immediately and directly. P2: Human senses are too limited to discover the objective truth. P3: Context dictates the truth. C: Subjectivism is the correct way of viewing knowledge. Essay There are three different perspectives regarding knowledge, definition,...

Skepticism in Philosophy and Its Role in Life

Skepticism refers to a philosophical idea based on the doubt that reliable knowledge of the objective world is possible. Throughout history, there were significant changes in the development of philosophy associated with the crisis of democratic society and the increase of dictatorial regimes throughout. As a result, people attempted to...

Sartre’s Existentialism Interpretation

Introduction Existentialism is a very peculiar discipline of the school of thought in terms of its historical context. Its periods of active development and popularity paralleled the civilizational era of technical progress, full-scale and technological wars of annihilation, and unhuman state systems. These factors formed the very freedom-loving basis of...

Peter Singer’s Famine, Affluence, and Morality

Peter Singer’s Famine, Affluence, and Morality is a philosophical stance on how modern society may and should reconsider its definition of moral obligation. The narrative centers around the 1971 crisis in East Bengali, where, at the time, nine million people were suffering from poverty, lack of housing, and life uncertainty...

Plato’s “Symposium”: An Explanation of Love

Plato’s Symposium 201d-212c is primarily focused on Socrates’s speech. The Greek philosopher and thinker addresses Agathon about the notion and nature of Love. He uses the wisdom he received from Diotima of Mantinea in order to explain what role and place Love holds. The first aspect of the speech focuses...

Buddha, Tolstoy, and Raymond’s Martin Views on the Meaning of Life

Meaning of Life Many influential philosophers throughout history have offered a response to the issue of what, if anything, makes life worthwhile, albeit they rarely state it in these terms. The systematic endeavor to determine what individuals have in mind when they think about the issue or what they mean...

Christopher Phillips on the Socratic Method

The Socratic method is a manner of discovering truths through your own eyes. All rolled into one, it is a system, a spirit, a method, a form of philosophical inquiry, and an intellectual approach. Socrates never explicitly stated a method, but Christopher Phillips has summarized the fundamental principles of his...

David Hume’s Biography and Philosophical Views

The history of philosophy demonstrates that many thinkers contributed to the development of this science and demonstrated different approaches to the perception of the word. Many of them had similar views, yet their differences led to lengthy debates, criticism of each other’s work, and the formation of groups of followers....

The Trolley Problem. Ethics and Social Philosophy

The trolley problem has its origins as a set of thought experiments in both ethics and philosophy. The dilemmas that are presented are often stylized in such a way that encourages the participant to debate whether the sacrifice of one person for the sake of many is fair or advantageous....

Plato’s Work “Allegory of the Cave” vs. Kant’s “What Is Enlightenment?”

The two philosophical works, namely Plato’s “Allegory of the Cave” (1962) and Immanuel Kant’s “What is enlightenment?” (1784), present their authors’ views concerning a better state and society. Although they were written almost 2000 years apart from each other, the ideas that the philosophers developed share many common aspects. First...

Descartes Thoughts on What Am “I”

Introduction It is important to note that the question of self and one’s inner subjective experience is among the most challenging questions in philosophy. Descartes, in his meditations, addresses the core concepts of God, self, and doubt. By the philosopher’s thoughts and conclusions, “I” is separate from the external world....

George Berkeley’s Theory in the “Book of Common Places”

In 1707-1708, the young George Berkeley wrote the Book of Common Places, consisting of 2 parts: A and B. The central idea of the work was Berkeley’s unique philosophical outlook, specifically the principle of “esse est percipi”: to exist is to be perceived. After presenting this idea to the public,...

Truth Perception and Ourselves

In everyday life, people can be observed visualizing things as individuals rather than as things are. When another supplants control one problem, the interpretation is from the brain or sentiments. Since everyone links different things differently, people’s feelings toward some objects are unique. People see them as they are because...

Philosophy: What Justifies One’s Existence?

The supreme value of human existence is often expressed in the form of an ultimate goal to which all private human interests and needs are subordinated. Among the many approaches to the solution of this complex problem, three main ones can be distinguished. Some people believe that the meaning of...

Holbach’s, James’, and Sartre’s Views on the World

Introduction As a thinking matter, man is becoming more and more aware of himself as an active factor of the social and natural environment surrounding him, of the whole being on the scale of the universe. This defines the idea of man as a conscious participant in world evolution. In...

Analysis of Descartes Journal: The Experience of Philosophy

Rene Descartes prefers meditation over the scholastic method of debate popular at the time because it allows him to get insights that the Question-Responded (Q&A) structure does not qualify. Furthermore, one can tell that a dream inspired him during his euphoric moments, and he embarks on these meditations as a...

Review of “The Prince” by Machiavelli

Machiavelli was a Florentine philosopher best known for his political ideas in the 16th century. After his death, his two most famous philosophical works, The Prince and Discourses on Livy, were published. His impact has been massive, with the possible exception of Kant; no philosopher since antiquity has had such...

The Interaction with Augustine’s “Confessions”

Introduction Augustine’s achievements include studying problems that the ancient philosophers had not considered, particularly his exploration of the dynamics of the human person and the movements of world history. The former is devoted to his autobiographical book “Confessions” (13 books). With deep psychological introspection, he dispassionately explored the contradictory process...

Han Fei, Confucius, and the Athenian Argument

It is possible to discuss several similarities between the arguments of Han Fei and Athenian envoys. The first is the discussion of punishment and favors in Han Fei or two handles. The two handles are employed by the ruler in order to control the ministers. This way, fear protects the...

Confucius, Aristotle, and Plato: The Issue of Harmony

Harmony is essential for every human being because it is typically associated with physical and mental well-being. Even though this phenomenon seems clear and universal, the best philosophers in world history have elaborated on the issue and offered different interpretations of it. That is why it is reasonable to consider...

Plato’s, Aristotle’s, and Machiavelli’s Perspectives on the Ideal Form of Government

Introduction The phenomenon of human nature has long been a source of continuous and quite heated philosophical discussions due to its multifaceted and remarkably complex structure and the necessity to approach it from several different perspectives. Additionally, numerous philosophers have pondered the concept of an ideal governmental structure, linking it...

Playing a Chance Game: Kantian ‘Disinterestedness’ and Aesthetic Judgment

When it comes to aesthetic judgments and the human faculties that enable them, Kant analyzes and classifies them with the same meticulous rigor that is characteristic of his approach to ethics or epistemology. The key notion of his aesthetics is that a proper judgment of beauty can only be disinterested...

Effects of Spiritual and Moral Courage on Life

Effects of Spiritual Courage in Life Spiritual fortitude strengthens us when we inquire about purpose and meaning. While many people develop inner valor through organized religion, there are more ways to cultivate this feature. Thus, divine bravery entails being open to the most fundamental concerns of why we are here,...