Review of Self- and Peer Modeling in Improving Reading Fluency

The development of students’ skills in reading is a key task for teachers to guarantee that children can perceive and understand the written information. However, students with learning disabilities can experience problems while developing their skills in reading texts. In their research, Decker and Buggey (2014) have studied the approaches...

Perceptions of Preservice Teachers: Insights into Teaching Experiences

Self-Rating and Effectiveness of Courses for Pre-service Teachers’ Perceptions of Their Skills, Competence, and Ability to Teach Mathematics The research question chosen for analysis is “What are pre-service teachers’ perceptions of their skills, competence, and ability to teach mathematics?” To answer the question, seven preservice teachers were interviewed on themes...

Exploring Visual, Aural, and Kinesthetic Learning Styles: Enhancing Educational Approaches

Introduction The learning process can be complicated by the inappropriately chosen learning strategy. People have different learning styles, so it is necessary to consider the peculiarities of each person and apply the correct learning strategy to assure the best effectiveness of the learning process. The Visual (V), Aural / Auditory...

Differentiation in Education, Its Pros and Cons

Benefits and Drawbacks of Differentiation in a Classroom Differentiation is usually viewed as an approach that is effective to address the problem of heterogeneous classrooms where diverse students learn under the supervision of only one teacher. As a result, a teacher is expected to work as a real professional in...

General Curricula for Cognitive Disabled Learners

Introduction Over the last two decades, there has been a significant achievement in availing learning to students with disabilities. The progress in availing learning to students with disabilities has originated from an array of research on the subject of inclusive learning. Relevant parties in the education sector are now exploring...

The Problem of Youth (Students) Drinking

Last week, two students were temporarily arrested by law enforcers for demonstrating unbecoming behavior and damaging property belonging to private citizens after engaging in an off-campus binge drinking. Later in the week, another college student sustained serious injuries after he was run over by a motorist, but after preliminary investigations,...

Planning Targeted Behavior Assessments for Students: Strategies and Best Practices

Background information Bronx Envision Academy is a public school located in Bronx, New York. This public school is a small community located on the 4th floor of the Herman Ridder Campus. The Herman Ridder School Campus is an urban district 12 New York City Department of Education School established on...

Standard 2: Family Engagement in Education

The purpose of this paper is to deepen the knowledge about young children employing the second standard to improve early childhood professional’s preparation. Even though early childhood professional is considered to develop children’s abilities, the role of family and community cannot be overestimated. Standard 2: Building Family and Community Relationships...

Transition Strength of Students with Severe Disabilities: Educator & Parent Insights

Introduction This paper assesses the transition-related strength of students with severe disabilities from the perspective of the educators, parents and the youth. It is based on various ratings for those students with severe disability by their teachers, parents and fellow students (Carter, Sun & Owens, 2009, p.74) The writers have...

Grammar-Based Curriculum for Analytical Skills Development

My curriculum is organized around an analytical skill. I organized my curriculum in a way that leads to instilling in my students’ analytical skills, this relied on none other element but grammar (Graves, 2000, p.135). In this curriculum, learners received suitable program support to allow them to participate productively in...

Achieving Professional Standards in Early Education: Key Principles and Practices

Introduction It is imperative to mention that professional preparation is a fascinating topic for discussion. Every individual has an opportunity to focus on aspects that he or she views as the most beneficial, and it could help to address problem areas that need to be improved. Educators have to deal...

Peer-Tutoring Instructional Method for Autists

Definition of the research topic The most disturbing question for educationists and trainers concerns the mechanisms used in fostering the learning abilities of children with disabilities. While it is evident that educational institutions have developed classes for children with mental disabilities, it is still challenging to enhance learning among such...

Teaching Others to Teach: Balancing Theory and Practice

Those who cannot do, teach. Those who cannot teach, teach others to teach… or do they? The idea that those people who cannot teach, teach others to teach is rather provocative, and it is based on following the balance between theory and practice, passive discussions, and real actions. This balance...

Multicultural Teaching Strategies: Curriculum Design

The curriculum design is implemented in a secondary classroom setting in the US state where multi-race students are able to get their education and improve their level of knowledge. The teacher described the majority of her students in class as “disinterested” in mathematics and that there are distractions in learning...

American School Uniforms and Academic Performance

The debate on whether or not school uniforms should be introduced in public schools has been raging for decades. There is no indication that this debate will come to close any time soon. In Northern America, wearing of school uniforms in public schools is disfavored as uniforms remain to be...

Delivery Methods Impacting Students’ Skills Acquisition: Effective Teaching Strategies

The research question for the study under analysis can be put in the following way: what are the key differences between the delivery methods on the students’ statistical skills acquisition between various courses? The statistical notation for the null hypothesis in the study (the supposition that the face-to-face delivery will...

Building Family and Community Relationships Standard

Introduction Parent involvement is an essential condition for the effective educational progress of any child, and this is especially the case for the early childhood age category (Ainscow et al., 2013; Colker, 2008). To improve my understanding of the parent involvement standard, I aim to connect a progressive specialist in...

Functional Curriculum Goals in Special Education

Introduction Students with mental disabilities should be given opportunity to access education from the general curriculum that is provided for normal students. This form of curriculum should maximize the students’ independence and self direction to ensure that they enjoy the learning experience. This is applicable at school, home, in the...

Early Childhood Professional Preparation: Understanding Standard 5

Introduction Education is a vital part of human life and no child should be deprived of this right in the world where attempts to build and sustain justice are being made. Child and family advocacy encompasses a variety of practices, of which early childhood education interests me the most. Thus,...

The Importance of Literacy Centers in Enhancing Mathematics Education

Promoting literacy among young students is essential to their further ability to retrieve, analyze and remember information. Therefore, it is crucial that learners should be provided with literacy centers that will help them use their current knowledge to build the next one based on the information provided by a teacher....

Preparing Professionals for Early Childhood Education

Early childhood teaching is a profession that is closely linked to interaction with parents and their involvement in the process of their children’s development. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how important a strong relationship between parents and teaching professionals for early childhood education is. NAEYC Standard Standard...

Crafting Individualized Education Programs: Best Practices and Strategies

In one of my education classes, I was required to read a section called Designing an Appropriate IEP in one of the class texts. The text focused on how to plan and evaluate an Individualized Education Program. After reading through the section, I realized that learners with disabilities go through...

Enhancing Adult Learning: Insights from the COMTA Teaching Model

The COMTA Teaching Model The COMTA teaching model focuses on the following objectives when it comes to teaching adult learners: To increase the level of perceived interaction between students and teachers to create a more interactive learning environment to increase student motivation in learning To develop an effective method of...

Understanding NAEYC Standard 2 for Early Childhood Professionals

The purpose of this paper is to outline the NAEYC (2010) Standard 2 and prepare a plan for its exploration to improve my skills. A Summary of Standard 2 The NAEYC (2010a) Standards for Early Childhood Professional Preparation Programs include Standard 2 (S2): “building family and community relationships” (p. 1)....

Middlesex County College’s Approach to Ideal Bureaucracy: Structure and Effectiveness

Introduction Bureaucracy is a term that has been defined by a lot of scholars. One of the most famous scholars who influenced the study of bureaucracy is Max Weber. The well-known sociologist defined bureaucracy as a hierarchical authority structure that uses legal order and has its own set rules. Weber...

Curriculum Development in Language Teaching by Jack Richards

Planning Goals and Learning Outcomes In Curriculum Development in Language Teaching by R. Jack, the fifth chapter, Planning Goals and Learning Outcomes involve a lecture on planning goals and curriculum development. In decision making, this forms a crucial dimension, especially in curriculum development. It is assumed that people are generally...

Environment’s Role in Child Literacy Development

Environment plays a very vital role in the developmental studies of children. A larger percentage of children’s literacy skills are learned through observing the immediate environment. They then try to imitate the observed phenomenon before finally making it a habit and eventually a learnt skill. A good reading strategy should...

School Choice: Educational Sector Thriving

Competition among different players in any given sector within a nation’s economy is essential in enhancing the effectiveness of the sector in question. This calls for the government to set up policies that pave the way for healthy competition within the parties in any given sector. Over the last two...

Teaching Strategies and Classroom Management

Observed teaching strategies Teachers in grade 3 and 5 apply almost similar teaching strategies to assist their learners. To be successful, educators use more than a single strategy as this enables various kinds of learners to grasp the content. The observed teaching strategies in grade 3 and 5 included; demonstration,...

Colleges Seek New Paths to Diversity After Court Ruling

Title, author source, and date of the article The newspaper article entitled Colleges Seek New Paths to Diversity after Court Ruling was obtained from the New York Times edition dated 22nd day of April 2014. Tamar Lewin authored the article. Summary of main points in the article The article reports...

Political Frame in Organizations: Navigating Conflicts and Power

Political Frame The political frame perceives organizations as jungles where conflicts, power negotiations, scarce resources and enduring differences exist. The political frame acknowledges that diversity of skills, behaviors, beliefs, interests and values among employees are organizational realities which are unavoidable. Effectively managed divergent views are important in organizations, since they...

Picture Communication in Elementary Education: Enhancing Learning through Visuals

Planning and Instructions Learning process functions in a dynamic and systematic process that is greatly influenced by the main objective, sub-objective, and the environment in which learners are interact in the process of knowledge acquisition. In the case of the elementary grade 1 class at Sloane Public School in New...

Balanced Literacy Teaching Methods: Strategies for Effective Learning and Engagement

Balanced literacy is a “teaching methodology whereby the tutor integrates various instructional methods” (Carver 348). The teaching approach uses different strategies to achieve the goals of the learning process. The tutor should use multiple strategies in order to ensure every learner achieves his or her objectives. Balanced literacy is a...

The Importance of School Uniforms in Public Education

Public schools, unlike private schools, are meant to cater to students of all classes regardless of their social status. Therefore, these schools are considered to offer a standard level of education affordable to all those who are willing to learn. Thus, public schools should stand out and be exemplary even...

Collaborative Learning in the Walden Community: Benefits and Approaches

Prior to joining the Walden learning community, I used to have a limited view of a learning community as nothing more than a virtue or physical network of friends with similar interests and drivers in life. Although my description was valid to the extent of sharing similar interests and drivers...

Trends and Definitions in School Shootings: A Comprehensive Analysis of the Issue

Introduction Shooting in schools is a major concern to parents, students, the government, and teachers. In the last three years, over 40 shooting cases were reported in high schools in the US (CDC). The shootings resulted into loss of several lives and unnecessary injuries. The government and school administrators have...

Special Education in New York City

Introduction Every child, regardless of race, ethnicity, social status, and disability, has the right to receive an education. Special education is a term used to describe the set of instructions that have been specially developed to meet the educational needs of children with disabilities. Individualized Education Program (IEP) defines the...

Group Projects’ and Incentive Plans’ Similarities

Given the fact that group projects assigned at school are targeted towards creating bonds between students and teaching them how to work in a corporate environment, group projects have a lot in common with group incentive plans. In a corporate setting, an employee incentive plan encourages the workers to work...

The University of San Francisco Jesuit Education

The University of San Francisco (USF) always supports Jesuit education. It makes this education relevant in the present century. The university’s Jesuit mission is to support the religious and personal needs of every human being. The university educates students from all backgrounds and beliefs. The diverse student fraternity inspires every...

Effective Curriculum Planning for Teaching Reading: Strategies and Insights

Teaching style Cooperative learning and partner work are the two main teaching styles that I observed. Since students were divided into groups of four, they performed learning activities in their groups. I observed the teacher using cooperative learning as a way of administering instructions. Students were gathered in small groups...

Special Education: Single-Subject Research

Introduction Special education employs intervention measures (at an individual level) designed to meet the distinct needs of every student. Since it follows a framework that focuses on the individual behavior of students, single subject research can form a basis for enhancing special education. Instead of using a control group and...

Observational Insights from Cornell Junior School: Enhancing Classroom Learning Environments

Introduction In a teaching career, academicians suggest that experience is the best teacher. Therefore, all candidates aim at gaining primary and secondary experience. Primary experience is gained when the teachers participate in teaching. On the other hand, teachers gain secondary experience through observing other experienced teacher in during lessons. This...

Florida National University Parking Problems: Causes and Solutions

The lack of parking spaces has been a persistent problem at Florida National University lately. It causes numerous inconveniences to the university staff, students, and guests. It is apparent, though, that this problem is not unique; many other universities and colleges in the United States experience a similar situation (Batabyal...

Teachers’ Self-Efficacy in Mathematics: Key to Effective Teaching

Introduction The teachers’ decision about their ability to teach is dependent on their will and confidence to execute that particular task. Understanding this concept can go a long way in helping educators boost the teachers’ self-efficacy in mathematics. This concept is commonly known as the ‘I can’ or ‘I cannot’...

Overcoming Barriers for African American Women in Higher Education

Abstract African American women often experience problems and face challenges in the sphere of higher education that has different origins. Therefore, it is possible to speak about the problem of discussing African American women and higher learning barriers. The action research needs to be conducted in this sphere, and it...

Benefits of the DREAM Act: Education, Military, and Economic Impact

The DREAM Act (Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors) is American legislation that gives youths whose parents do not have proper documentation of the opportunity to complete their studies. Also, the legislation creates a pathway for the youths to obtain citizenship. However, the applicants must adhere to several guidelines...

Enhancing Academic Performance: The Role of Working Conditions in Education

The place of study, building, and facilities impact the motivational level and the involvement of the students in the studying process. Numerous schools and colleges across the globe are in an unacceptable condition, which influences not only the way students are motivated; however, it may impact their health and safety....

Blogs: A New Era in Educational Research

Technology has changed the way people do things in numerous ways. It has turned the world into a global village where people can communicate and share information from different geographical locations. A number of communication platforms have emerged over the years as a result of technological advancements. They have resulted...

The Writing Skills Development

“Learning how to write a coherent, effective text is a difficult and protracted achievement of cognitive development that contrasts sharply with the acquisition of speech” (Kellogg, 2008, p. 2). Writing is one of the forms of communication that follows a person throughout life. It supports the interchanging of ideas and...

Challenges of Parking Availability at Florida National University

Introduction Every year, several undergraduates join the American universities to begin their fresh undergraduate courses or to proceed with their courses (Schmidt and Wesley 2). Florida National University receives several students for different course purposes. The university has several students and employees who possess personal cars. Roen, Glau, and Maid...

Importance of Developing Effective Communicative Skills for Professionals

Abstract Problem-solving and creative activities are critical for improving the communicative skills of ESL students. These tasks prompt learners to develop such cognitive abilities as critical thinking, analysis, and formulating conclusions on the basis of evidence; in turn, these abilities enable learners to communicate more effectively. Furthermore, problem-solving and creative...

Early Childhood Education Programs

Montessori Focus on socialization. The learning environment is supportive and interesting. Learning through sensory feelings. Learning through manipulating objects. Learning is similar to real-life experience (The Montessori Early Childhood Program, 2009). High Scope Focus on active participatory learning. Learning is organized according to the Plan-Do-Review cycle. Learning through observing and...

Abstinence Programs: Disempowering Women and Ignoring Sexuality

Women, just as men, are sexual beings, but the abstinence programs are reinforced mainly among women (Tolman 284). The issue about sexuality and adolescence gains importance right from adolescence when puberty begins. Abstinence programs are a means to disempowering women because women are not given the chance to express their...

Stricter Gun Control Laws: Reducing School Shootings

Abstract The adoption of stricter gun control laws can be useful for reducing the risk of shootings in various educational organizations. In particular, this policy can prevent students from taking firearms without proper authorization. Additionally, this approach can ensure that a person with firearms cannot enter schools or colleges. It...

How Is Social Media Affecting College Students?

Introduction Social network sites, such as Facebook, MySpace, and Twitter, are presently being used frequently by millions of people around the world. The use of social network websites has been extensive that they have not just attracted the interest of industry and academic researchers all over the world, but also...

Educational Article “The Hurried Child” by David Elkind

David Elkind in his article The Hurried Child addresses the society’s plan of trying to draw the future of its children closer, than it is. The message comes up at a time when parents are endeavoring to hurry their children into adulthood. Many people have set out to unravel the...

Critical Analysis of GPS Ice Melt Research Article

Introduction to article This is a critical analysis of the research article ‘GPS can now measure ice melt, change in Greenland over months rather than years’ in comparison to the steps in scientific investigation (Facione, 2011). This paper will attempt to evaluate the conformity of this research article in relation...

Universal Preschool Education Program: Bridging Achievement Gaps

Introduction Improving student success has been a major concern in educational research. Educational research seeks to address the behavioral model in students, teachers, and other players in the learning sector. Many researchers have come up with findings and conclusions that can be implemented in educational institutions to realize fair achievement...

Preparing Students for College

College life often presents formidable challenges and anxieties to many fresh students. Ideally, the first year should not present any difficulties at all to students apart from the nitty-gritty’s of socialization and the usual cultural shock in the event that a student comes from overseas. However, many fresh students will...

Financial Aid for College Students

Education is probably one of the most significant things in the life of every person. Without proper education, it is not easy to find a good job and earn enough for living. It is known that money is “social embodiment of both form and the content of value” (Smithin, 200),...

The Flipped Classroom Approach in Nursing Schools: Innovations and Challenges

Abstract This paper aims to review available scholarship on the flipped classroom model with the view to demonstrating how it can be effectively used in associate degree nursing schools. The results demonstrate that the flipped classroom supports a sound pedagogical model that can be used to develop highly competent nurses...

Speech Disorders in Children: Causes and Characteristics

When is a child’s communication considered delayed? When a child has trouble in the generation of speech, it amounts to a serious communication problem in the end. In addition, a child should be fluent in communication after attaining five years. However, there are cases when a learner may lag behind...

Understanding Student Professionalism

It is commonly thought that professionalism can only be discussed or evaluated within the context of work-related responsibilities. While this claim is true to some extent, at least traditionally, the current demonstration of value erosion and breakdown of ethics within the wider society has forced academic institutions to come up...

Why College Students Drop Out of School?

Most students enter colleges with the aim of increasing their future earnings and having more career options, but not every student manages to successfully graduate the college. Dropping out of college has been attributed to unpreparedness to the life in college and to the level of education, overwhelming work, and...

The Art of Writing and Storytelling: Techniques for Engaging Narrative Creation

Introduction Composition writing is an integral part of learning the art of writing and storytelling in different aspects. Also, apart from enabling students to move from one academic level to another, composition writing is important for students because it allows them to learn how to present ideas and real-life events...

Education: Internet Courses Versus Traditional Courses

Introduction Since the widespread availability of personal computers, people have found more ways to access life-altering educational opportunities. The field of education has been a major beneficiary of technological advancement. Universities have been expanding these technologies to increase the availability of classes in the form of online and distance learning,...

Effective Method of Avoiding Plagiarism

Writing academic papers could prove to be a rather difficult task for students if they are not aware of how they can avoid plagiarism. Plagiarism refers to the use of an author’s words as if they are your own without proper citations. There are several citation styles in which students...

Special Education Knowledge for General Education Instructors

Differentiated teaching requires instructors to present content that is customized correctly for the range of children in each category, to instruct utilizing flexible methods that provide varying means for learners to interact with the content and with one another, and to offer learners a choice of techniques to document their...

Strategies for Teaching Communication Skills to Students with Autism

Introduction In recent years, peer tutoring has been widely adopted as a method of helping children with autism disorders to develop basic communication skills. As the name suggests, in peer-tutoring, use is made of peer mates to help a targeted learner develop necessary skills. Therefore, through games and other forms...

The Concept of Audience in Writing

The concept of audience in writing is one way for students express themselves and also to reflect on their experiences in schools. However, in most cases, students rarely entrench or write with their audience on their mind (VanderMey, Meyer, Rys, & Sebranek, 2014). A good number of students especially international...

The Importance of Data-Based Decision Making in Educational Assessment Practices

Introduction The IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2004) and NCLB (No Child Left Behind of 2001) have been added to the US Federal Laws to provide ample support to schoolchildren through evidence-based general and special education (VanDerHeyden and Burns, 2010). General education is sufficient for most of the...

Street-Smart vs. Intellectual: Gerald Graff’s Perspective

It does not present a particular challenge to outline the main idea, promoted in Gerald Graff’s article. According to Graff, it is methodologically inappropriate to refer to what he defines as ‘street-smart’ activities (sports, games, fights, dating) and intellectual activities as conceptually incompatible, because just as it is the case...

Effective Strategies for Addressing Individual Needs in Special Education

Risk Factors Alice is a four-year-old girl. She has appeared in a risky position, and the symptoms of intellectual disability may be developed for a number of reasons. Alice is raised in a family with two parents. From the very beginning, she was in a risky group. Alice’s mother is...

Inquiry in the Field of Education: Critical and Historical Analysis of Inclusion of Students with Disabilities

Introduction One critical shift in the developments that have been taking place in the field of education is the movement from special education for students with disabilities to the emphasis on the creation of inclusive learning environments. Special education emphasizes the fact that students with disabilities possess physical, psychological, mental,...

Classroom Management and Techniques to Incorporate in Student’s Reinforcement Plan

Managing a classroom is a very complicated affair in modern times. Teachers are faced with many challenges in the course of handling students in classrooms. The modern student is more rebellious towards authority either as a result of lifestyle differences, the influence of drug and substance abuse, or social pressure...

Grade 4 Math: Fractions, Geometry, and Data Measurement

Common Core State Standards Mathematics-Grade 4 Learning Trajectories The learning trajectories for this Grade in reference to algebraic and mathematical calculations require that the student understands some basic rules regarding mathematics. There has been intensive input into this area from the state and as a standard requirement. Some of them...

Perceptions about Relationships around Schooling

Schooling is the time when every student acquires precious learning and life experience. Thus, it is important to understand the impact teachers have throughout the formation of students’ personalities. The essential factors of forming mature personalities are relationships between teachers and administrators, teachers and students, and students and other students...

Distance Learning and Social Change

Abstract Distance learning can be defined as a form of education where learners can learn wherever they are through the use of technology. Distance learning faces some challenges. The main issue is the quality of the instruction. The instructions which reach the students attending distant learning classes really matters. It...

Best Practices in Adult ESL Instruction: Innovations and Effective Strategies

Overview of practices in adult ESL instruction Language teaching has emerged as an independent professional discipline in recent times with unique concept methods that outline a systematic teaching methodology for acquisition of language theories and practices. Language learning constitutes the concept of applied linguistics with relevant formulation and methodologies. Methods...

Assessing Students with Learning Problems

Bennie earned a stanine of 3 on an intelligence test. To what standard score (on an IQ scale) and percentile score would that stanine correspond? A stanine of 3 represents one of the lowest scores at the scale of 9 that is below average. This test score can be discussed...

Teamwork Evaluation Strategies for Effective Decision-Making

Introduction Teamwork is an imperative practice that establishes strong strategies for decision-making and development of ideas. In this regard, the assessment of the performances and directions taken by group members as well as their cooperation and participation when reaching a mutual target is critical. The aims of creating a peer...

College Student Life: Participation, Perceptions and Satisfaction

Introduction Global technological development increases the acceptability of education. Education significantly contributes to the growth of human capital and is directly related to the general comfort of individuals (Barfield 281). Education guarantees the achievement of information and expertise that helps people to become more productive. People’s productivity consequently has a...

Impacts of Teaching Detective Stories to ESL Students

Abstract for teaching detective stories to ESL students The purpose of the research is to examine the impact of including detective stories in teaching ESL students. Detective stories are part of literature that is imaginative and creative. It has been put into writing by acknowledging previous articles already developed in...

Private School Education: Key Issues and Otis College’s Liberal Arts Requirements

Private school education has been one of the major topics for serious discussions these days. There are many significant issues concerning private education that deserve close scrutiny today. Otis College of Arts and Design, the most distinguished institutes of the kind in the state, has involved in one such discussion...

School Uniform in Learning Institutions

Most learning institutions in areas like the United Kingdom, South America, and Africa have endorsed uniforms or specified attires, which is mandatory to all students. School uniforms identify pupils with a given institution. On the other hand, institutions in countries like France and USA rarely endorse the use of school...

Addressing Bullying in Elementary and Middle School Classrooms

Nature of Study The study mainly focuses on teachers’ lack of knowledge on how to deal with the issue of bullying in the classroom in an effective manner; it also suggests some of the effective ways that they can rely on to address this problem. There will be a total...

Rapid Growth in Community College Online Courses

Introduction Introduction to the Problem Online course offerings at community colleges are growing at a rapid rate. By 2008, an estimated 4.6 million students in the United States alone had already enrolled in higher education through online learning programs (Allen & Seaman, 2010). This constituted a 17% increase over 2007....

Autistic Students in Saudi Arabia: Challenges in Mainstream Schools

Introduction to Autism among Students in Saudi Arabia Students who suffer from autism in Saudi Arabia are secluded from the mainstream learning institutions because teachers and staff members in the institutions lack the knowledge, awareness, and understanding of matters related to the condition. They fail to understand the kind of...