🏆 Best Computer Science Essay Topics
✍️ Computer Essay Topics for College
- Computer Misuse and Its FormsComputer misuse comes in different forms. One form of computer misuse occurs when a person uses a computer to commit crimes such as forgery, copyright piracy, and fraud.
- Will Computers Take Over the Society in the Future?In this research we explored the answer to the possibility of a take over by computer of the human race. This question has been negatively answered in most of the literature found on the topic.
- Qualitative and Quantitative Research in Computer ScienceThis paper identifies key characteristics of research methods in the context of computer science. There are different ways of using methods.
- Ideal Computer System and Its Main FeaturesThe ideal computer system is based on the specifications available in the market. For the processor, the perfect computer system would have the 10th generation Intel Core i9.
- The Role of Computers in the ClassroomThis paper aims to analyse the importance and benefits of using computers in the classroom to aid and enhance the education process of learners as well as teachers.
- Computer and Digital Literacy DifferencesThe current paper indicates that by following digital literacy’s logical rules and actions, society can become more humane and unbiased.
- Quality of Life Impacts of Computers and Information SystemsThe paper elaborates on the quality of life impacts due to computers and information systems adoption in human life.
- Personal Computer Daily Use and ImportanceThe benefit of a computer cannot be denied in the business world, at the place of work and even in our personal life.
- Computers History, Classification and DevelopmentIn history computers were only used as machines that performed calculations. Modern computer is a result of advances in technologies and the need to quantify, record numbers and language.
- Evidence that We Are Too Dependent on ComputersComputers are integrated into every corner of our being, and we should perceive them as consequent positive results of progress.
- Computer Ethics and Data ProtectionThe article provides a definition of computer ethics, as well as evaluates its importance for protecting data from malicious acts.
- Computer Communication and Its Influence on People’s RelationshipsThe essay states that computer communication has excellent development opportunities currently, still it has some negative effects.
- Computers in Patient Care and Nursing AdministrationComputer technologies implementation brings a wide range of benefits concerning disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment enhancement.
- Overcrowded Computer Lab as a School ProblemOvercrowded computer labs are likely to be the result of organizational, technical, and private issues. Some of the problems do not prove resolutions due to reasons beyond control.
- Prevention and Control of Computer AbuseThe strategic goal of ensuring information security is to promote and strengthen the process of developing an information security system.
- Sony Target Laptop Computers: Marketing Case StudySony would advertise the same product but in vastly different ways to these segments to ensure that the marketing is more appealing to their needs.
- Laptop Computers in Police Cars: Benefits & DrawbacksThis paper will investigate these problems and their prevalence with respect to the utilization of laptops in police vehicles.
- Computer Applications and ConceptsThe paper discusses Microsoft Office. It is a complex computer application that allows users to gather ideas from other pages into the workspace and edit it.
- The Computer Sales, Markets, and InputThe market for computers is susceptible to changes in the short run as resources necessary for computers may be impacted by external sources.
- Health and Safety Effects of Computer UseThis paper seeks to illustrate this health and safety complication in relation to using computers and how the effects can be reduced.
- Computers: Macs Vs PCsThe Macs and PCs in various aspects. Differences coming at the price of Mac and PCs. The differences and similarities among Mac and PCs.
- Computer Technology’s Impact on Personal HealthThe computer has a detrimental effect on health in many aspects. The influence of the Internet on modern society cannot be assessed unambiguously.
- Absence of Computers in Modern LifeModern life without computers would be challenging and underdeveloped due to the key role of computers in science, education, and infrastructure.
- Modern Computers: Changes Within Our Current Technological WorldThe use of computers changes human life considerably in different ways. People discover more ways on how to improve their work, communication, and calculations.
- Reliability of Computers in Stock Exchange MarketComputer trading in the stock exchange market has come to replace floor trading. There are several errors that are observed in the market today due to the use of this trading method.
- Computer Technologies in Fashion IndustryThe advancement of the fashion industry and modern fashion patterns have consistently been reliant on technological inventions, generation, appropriation, and utilization.
- Do Computer Technology Make Financial Intermediaries Extinct?Technological innovations are unlikely to result in the extinction of financial intermediaries; the probable outcome is that they will undergo tremendous changes.
- Things That a Computer Cannot Do Regardless of TimeInvention of the computer has led to other inventions such as the internet. Internet exposes many organizations to hackers who are willing to crash the websites to many organizations.
- Computer Forensics Laboratory’ Legal RequirementsComputer forensics scientists assess digital media to identify, preserve, recover, analyze, and present facts about the information under investigation.
- The Role of Computers in EducationThe use of computers in the modern age has brought a lot of improvement in human lifestyle: accuracy, reliability, quality, and speed.
- System Software: Computer System ManagementComputer software consists of the detailed preprogrammed instructions that control and coordinate the computer hardware components.
- Positive Effects of Computer on ChildrenOne of the biggest advantages of computer is that it provides the young children with a sea of opportunities, with regard to knowledge and communication skills.
💻 Topics about Computers in 2024
We know how challenging it may be to find a perfect topic about computers. But do not fret! Read our next section to get excellent ideas!
Dependency on Computers
Although the purpose of computers is to make our lives easier, overuse of these devices can have a lot of adverse outcomes. Firstly, an excessive reliance on computers can impede individuals’ ability to learn and work. Secondly, the constant barrage of information and social media life can contribute to anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances. What are the other disadvantages of severe dependence on computers? Write about them in your paper.
Ethics and the Internet
Internet ethics covers issues related to privacy, net neutrality, big data, and equal access to the Internet. It guarantees that everyone has the opportunity to participate in the digital world equally and that the information people provide online is not used without their consent. Moreover, Internet ethics aims to solve the issues related to online behavior, such as cyberbullying, harassment, and blackmailing.
Information Technology and Security
In today’s digital age, when cyberattacks are on the rise, IT security has become a critical component of businesses of all sizes. Various methods of information technology security protect the company’s digital assets: networks, hardware, servers, data, etc. All these elements must be protected from unauthorized access or theft with the help of multiple layers of security measures, authentication methods, firewalls, and other safety tools.
Computer Crimes Against Businesses
Financial damage is not the only concern for business owners. Cybercrimes like data theft and breaches can ruin a company’s reputation in one day. The most widespread methods intended to steal crucial data are malware, phishing emails, password attacks, and denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. That is why an executable security plan is paramount to protect the company and corporate information.
Solutions to Computer Viruses
The critical role of antivirus software in computer security cannot be overstated, as it acts as a robust defense mechanism against cyber threats. For example, real-time protection software monitors systems for suspicious activity, while signature-based detection identifies viruses using a database of known virus signatures. Behavior-based detection, one more popular method of protection, uses advanced algorithms to identify viruses based on their behavior patterns and remove them.
👍 Good Computer Science Research Paper Topics
- Personal Computer Industry ForcastingThis research paper will use the PESTEL analysis to study the factors that impact the PC industry. The paper will also include weakness and strengths that affect the industry.
- Momenta Pentop Computer’s Design and TechnologyKnown as a pentop – a touch sensitive tablet computer operated by means of a pen – it was a revolutionary and innovative technology at the beginning of the 1990s.
- The Satyam Computer Services Firm’s Accounting EthicsAs an analyzed case of violation of accounting ethics, the 2009 scandal will be considered in which the Indian outsourcing company Satyam Computer Services became involved.
- Advantages of Computer Technology in HealthcareThe emergence of computer technology within healthcare is the catalyst of changes that began to display the improvement of medical procedures and care quality.
- Being Human: Human-Computer InteractionIt is important not only to appreciate the impact of Information Technology but also to be aware of its different consequences such as digital footprints.
- Critical Review of Popular Computer GamesThis paper analyzes the popularity of computer games, describes the history of their emergence and development, and offers a description of the plot of several games.
- The Structure of a Computer and the Meaning of Each of Its ElementsIn the study of computer architecture, it is paramount to consider the theoretical and the practical aspect of the computer architecture model.
- Computer Ethics and PrivacyComputer ethics involves ways upon which ethical traditions as well as customs are tested. Computers brought about enhanced power of communication together with data manipulation.
- Computer Programs: Programming TechniquesFor computers to execute their functions, specific programs with specific applications are used. Programs must be executable by any computer depending on the program instruction.
- Educational and Social Effects of Computer-Assisted Instruction in a School Located in an Informal Urban Settlement of NairobiThis research paper discusses the potential educational effects and social concerns associated with introducing CAI in schools located in an informal urban settlement in Nairobi.
- Computer-Based Communication Technologies in the BusinessRecently developed computer-based communication technologies, such as instant messaging (IM), wikis, and blogs, are beginning to influence the way individuals communicate ideas and information.
- Social Construction of Technologies: Tablet ComputerThis paper is aimed at discussing the development of such a technology as the tablet computer. In particular, it is necessary to apply such a concept as social construction.
- Is Society Highly Dependent on Computers?Society is too dependent on technology due to the highly addictive behavior, disorders, and emotional problems connected with an inability to limit time spent on the Internet.
- Positive and Negative Sides of Medical Computer SimulationThe main advantage of simulation training is an opportunity to safely undertake high-risk activities, such as surgery, without any harm to the patient.
- Computers: Dangerous and IndispensableSocieties worldwide grow increasingly dependent on computers to satisfy fundamental needs and perform tasks, and this process can potentially prove detrimental.
- The Future of Computers and CybersecurityThe cybersecurity sector is almost always changing in response to hackers’ shifting habits and new threats. Therefore, the future of cybersecurity is almost impossible to predict.
- Computer Fraud and Corporate Identity TheftBased on a quantitative questionnaire survey method, this research identified theft/disclosure of corporate information and virus attacks as the most common form of security threats.
- Application of Computer Technologies in Linguistic PracticeComputer technologies, with their ability to process vast amounts of information, are proving to be extremely useful in the field of linguistics.
- Computer Forensics for Solving Cyber CrimesThis paper presents research about the deployment of computer forensics in solving cybercrime. The paper brings out a number of cases concerning crimes in the cyberspace.
- Computer-Based Communication TechnologiesCommunication utilising the computer technology has been in use for several years with private individuals taking advantage of it.
- Violence in Games: TV and Computer Games ViolenceSince most of the violent scenes in games will indicate stars as heroes when they escape punishment, children believe that violence can effectively solve issues of disagreement.
- Different Factors That Influence on Buying a ComputerWhen deciding on the computer to purchase for one’s classwork, he has to consider many different factors: finances, technical characteristics of the computer, etc.
- Computer Science and Computational Thinking TeachersIt is of great importance to make computer science and computational thinking one of the core subjects in culturally diverse schools.
- Canada’s Computer Industry and Influences on ItIn this paper, the political, economic, social, cultural, and technological factors affecting the computer industry in Canada shall be evaluated.
- The Shallows by Nicholas Carr: Internet vs. Traditional ReadingOne of the first negative impacts of computers and their related software that will be discussed can be seen in the arguments of Nicholas Carr in his book “The Shallows”.
- Hardware and Software Components of Computer NetworkThis report focuses on the hardware and software requirements for James Otis Tax Associates’ new office computer network among certified public accountants (CPA).
- Plan to Support Students Learning English and ProgrammingLearning English and coding at the same time challenges for non-native English speakers when it came to reading educational content, communicating technically and writing software.
- Computer Ethics: Information Technology EthicsIn the field of information technology, one should pay particular attention to professional behavior to comply with corresponding regulations.
- How Network Security Devices and Safety of the Computer Systems and NetworksComputers connected to any network, be it local or through the internet, are always under constant threat of an attack.
- The Myth of Computers in the ClassroomA computer makes work easier and with data storage and transfer features, it is the best option compared to other forms.
- Computers Will Take Over the World or NotThe purpose of this study has been to determine whether intelligent computers will take over the world since they have been developed to function the same way that human beings do.
- Computer Applications in Medical BillingComputers are progressively being employed in major tasks. The application of computers in medical billing is crucial to the fiscal health of the progression.
🌶️ Hot Computers Ideas to Write About
- Computer Technology and Business NeedsMany organizations have integrated computer systems in their businesses to help them in accounting operations and meeting the business needs.
- Computer Organization and ArchitectureComputer architecture mainly gives the idea about different hardware parts of the computer systems, their implementation and design.
- Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Google WaveComputer Supported Cooperative Work (C.S.C.W) is a technology that seeks to use computer systems to allow, coordinate and monitor collaborative group work.
- Hidden Costs of Integrating Computers in the School SettingsBy analyzing the hidden costs provided by the use of computers in the classroom, one may develop a supporting and profitable technology instruction policy.
- Computer-Mediated Interpersonal CommunicationIt has been acknowledged that Computer Mediated Communication has certain benefits and significant downsides when it comes to interpersonal communication.
- Interview Questions for Computer Systems AnalystThe interview is a standard part of the hiring process that most companies have used for years. Hiring managers would do well to keep up with the latest developments.
- Computer Technologies in the Education ProcessThe paper states that the use of communication technologies in education is one of the essential areas of development of the information society.
- Computer and Network Security Audit of a FirmThe agenda of the current proposal is to recommend key policies and procedures that should be adopted based on the findings obtained from the top-to-bottom computer security audit.
- Teaching Computer Science to Non-English SpeakersLearning computer science presents many challenges. The paper investigates significant barriers to CS education and how the process could be improved.
- Personal Digital (Universal Automatic) ComputerThe paper discusses the personal digital computer. The main features of UNIVAC included calculations and other general functions.
- Analysis of Computer Security BreachesCybercrime is on the rise, and one of the most notable indicators is the number of computer security breaches detected worldwide.
- Computers’ Benefits and ProblemsA computer can have both positive and negative sides. Each person should independently determine their attitude to this technology.
- Aspects of Computer Information SecurityComputer information security includes five major components. These are integrity, authenticity, non-repudiation, availability, and confidentiality.
- Challenges of Computer Programming for Non-English SpeakersThe initial idea was to choose a topic connected with the problems that some inexperienced programmers may face.
- Personal Computer: Development, Regulations, and TaxationPersonal computer production does not receive as many subsidies as national research and computer manufacturing does, but the industries often overlap.
- Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis SoftwareResearchers are increasingly relying on computers to run qualitative data analysis software (QDAS), particularly when working with digital media files.
- Proposed Computer Network Design for Dreamz Inc.Given the expansion initiatives and the needs of the various departments at Dreamz Inc., the recommendable computer network model to adopt is the TCP/IP model.
- 911 Evolution: Computer-Aided Design for Personal SafetyThe computer-assisted 911 vehicle dispatch program includes vehicle dispatch, call dispatch, resources deployment, instruction and protocols, and status modification.
- Computer Fraud in the United KingdomThe term computer fraud refers to cybercrime where a person uses a computer to access an electronic database illegally without the owner’s consent.
- Ethics of Computer Influence on Human LivesThe ethical implications of technology, as well as its implications for human well-being, are discussed and analyzed in this research paper.
- Upgrading Computers in Business OrganizationsThe timely updating of computers, software, and networks vital for a company’s work is a critical demand for modern businesses.
- Researching of Computer SystemsCurrently, a person uses many different devices and computer systems. One of the everyday computer systems that people use is the personal computer.
- Aspects of Computer EthicsThe goal of computer science ethics is to develop a new generation of computer scientists who recognize the benefit of partnering with social science specialists.
- Computer Security: Prevent Ransomware AttacksMalicious software allows attackers to gain remote unauthorized access to other people’s devices. They can disable the computer, and damage or delete files.
- The Turing Test: Can a Computer Pass for a Human?Turing’s test can be an effective tool to approach the idea of intelligence, but the current understanding of the given concept is still unsubstantiated to the fullest extent.
- Ethics and Federal Laws as to Computer CrimeWith today’s rapid technological advancements, we must be conscious of the potential for cybercrime to create calamity.
- Bradley Medical Clinic: Computer System Upgrade ReportThis report analyses the software picked. Its will even make the clinic’s work easier when they look into telehealth.
- Computer Crime Prevention MeasuresThe following paper describes the various prevention tools and procedures that are being followed in relation to computer crime
- Super Micro Computer Company’s Accounting IssuesSuper Micro is a computer server-producing company that was engaged in improper accounting and several violations, resulting in a hearing and certain fines and restrictions.
- Computer Science and Information System as DisciplinesComputer science originated as a unique discipline meant to train young professionals in the technological field so as to supplement the increased need for information technology.
- Intrusion Detection in Computer NetworkThe purpose of this paper is to describe three sources that are about intrusion detection in the computer network.
- Computer Forensics and Investigations: Basic ProceduresIn this paper, the author is going to show the basic procedures that ought to be undertaken while performing a digital forensic examination.
💽 Computer Science Argumentative Essay Topics
Still lack ideas for your computer science argumentative essay? There are so many controversial issues to explore!
Should Computers Replace Teachers?
While computer-based education has revolutionized the way we learn, it still significantly lacks the human touch and personal approach. Real teachers can provide individual feedback, encouragement, and constructive criticism, all of which are necessary for student development. Furthermore, teachers may recognize each student’s unique needs and learning styles and customize their teaching methods accordingly.
Should AI Be Regulated by the Government?
AI developers fear that strict AI regulation can stifle innovation and slow the pace of rapid advancements. However, proponents of regulation are convinced that AI could fuel the spread of misinformation through deepfakes and increase data breaches with more sophisticated social engineering tactics. Finding a balance between fostering innovation and mitigating risks of AI-generated content could be a key to a comprehensive approach to AI governance.
Which Kind of Cybersecurity Risk Should Be Addressed First?
Prioritizing cybersecurity risks requires a two-step approach. First, it starts with identifying the assets that must be safeguarded. These assets consist of content, systems, networks, and applications. Once these assets have been detected, businesses must define the likelihood and severity of a potential cybersecurity threat to these assets.
Why Should Companies Adopt Cloud Computing?
One of the primary pros of using the cloud is its scalability. Companies can easily adjust their cloud resources up or down to meet fluctuating needs, eliminating the initial costs of purchasing and maintaining physical hardware. In addition, cloud computing fosters collaboration by allowing teams to work on data from anywhere with an internet connection, ultimately improving efficiency and productivity.
What Tasks Should Not Be Accomplished with Algorithms?
Algorithms should not handle tasks requiring deep human judgment or discretion. They lack the ability to comprehend a situation’s nuances, emotional context, or ethical considerations, all of which frequently influence decision-making. Relying solely on algorithms can lead to biased or unfair outcomes, as the nuances that a human can grasp are lost in the automatized calculations of a machine.
🎓 Most Interesting Computers Research Titles
- Computer Information Systems. Computer SecurityThis report analyzes several issues associated with computer security. The report also evaluates whether the removal of computer security measures would reduce incidences of computer fraud.
- The Essentials of Nursing Informatics: Computer SkillsThe article deals with the essentials of nursing informatics emphasizing the fact that having advanced computer skills is important for nurses.
- How the Knowledge of Human Cognition Improves Computer DesignThe study aims at looking at how the knowledge of human behaviour will help the manufacturers of computers in coming up with better computer designs.
- Computer Crimes against BusinessesOn February 06, 2014, Ioan Leusca and Dezso Gyapias were charged in a U.S. Federal Court for stealing customer data from automated teller machines (ATMs).
- Association of Computer Machinery Code of Ethics: ProfessionalismThe ACM code outlines how software engineers should conduct themselves ethically in their profession, and while relating to others.
- Personal Computer Operating System History Since 1980Personal computer operating systems have evolved with the development of personal computing power and user expectations and use.
- Computers and Criminal JusticeAdvanced computer technologies may provide humanity with the opportunity to pass most of the tasks performed by lawyers to a machine.
- Ways of Designing Human-Computer InteractionDesigning Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is the science of studying and structuring interaction between users and devices or machines such as computers.
- Computer Provider Order Entry (CPOE) Quality ImprovementCPOE greatly improved safety due to built-in systems of enhanced patient safety in medication interaction checks as well as point-of-care clinical decision support.
- Simplifying the Structure of Logic Gates and the Performance of ComputersThe invention of logic gates/circuits has been demonstrated to be of very high value in the operation of the computer system.
- Top-Down Parsing: A Computer AlgorithmTop-down parsing was introduced in the 1970s, and it remains a widespread strategy that has also become the basis for newer and more sophisticated algorithms.
- Biometrics in Regards to Computer and Internet SecurityBiometrics is a security technology that is programmed in accordance with individuals’ body characteristics such as fingerprints or eye retina to mention but a few.
- The Growth and Development of Computer CrimesThe paper examines in detail the growing crimes related to computers as well as diagnose some of the measures that can be put in place to counteract the vice.
- Computer Ethics: Ethics, Laws, Definition & PrivacyComputer ethics emerged as an answer to the ethical concerns brought up by advanced technology. The behavior of individuals who use computers should not hurt or insult others.
- The Relevance of DNA Computers in the Modern WorldThe researchers propose as an alternative to use natural biomolecules contained in the organisms of all living things, namely, DNA.
- Computer Applications for Managers: Using PivotTablesThe PivotTable will need data on the products each customer purchased, the amount of money spent, and the frequency of monthly purchases.
- Fundraising Company for Updating College’s Computer LabsThere is a significant difference between students’ performance in educational institutions that are well-equipped with modern computers and those with no computer classes.
- Human Computer Interaction in Information TechnologiesComputers and the appropriate interfaces of interacting with them are used for very different purposes, including Automated Teller Machines (ATMs).
- Computer Geography Lessons on Earth Science StudentsEvery teacher has a different way of teaching certain subjects. The strategy used by the teacher can make a big difference on how the student acquires the information.
- Computer Literacy: Information Systems EducationIn this information age, it is possible for learning to take place with the student being in a different continent from the tutor.
- Computer Use and Dangerous Computer AddictionThe society has changed a lot with the technological developments that have come up in the world. This technology has had many advantages to the contemporary world.
- Product Management in the Development of ComputersProduct management is an important stage for project management. It addresses all aspects related to the products modelling and support during its development.
- E-Commerce in Computer Science Area: Business IdeaThis proposal will discuss the setting up of an E-Commerce business that will essentially deal with the sale of electronic devices over the internet.
- Computer Technologies Issues: Spyware Threat AnalysisSpy ware is a type of malicious software that collects information from the computer without the knowledge or consent of the owner of the computer.
- Instructional Strategies in Computer EducationOne of the most important prerequisites of computer education is the formulation of effective instructional strategies.
- Will Computers Take Over Society in the Future?The technological influx has changed the overall perception of technology and things are changing quite drastically. Even people with low incomes can afford computers.
- Computer-Based Communication Technologies in BusinessThis paper discusses about the recently developed computer based communication technologies such as instant messages and Wikis in the field of business.
- Obscenity and Computer EthicsWith the unprecedented growth in the use of the internet there has been a problem in its usage which has sometimes led to obscenity and need for computer ethics.
- Talking Computers: Future TeechnologyDevelopments and research in the phonetics deign this time resulted in great advancement in the field during this period from 1968 to 1988.
- Online Computer-Tailored Physical Activity InterventionThere are a lot of advantages to the Internet, but over time people have begun to worry about the influence of numerous devices around them.
- Computer Graphics: Human Animation MethodologyGraphics combines text, illustration, and color. Graphics are used in number of fields like business, art, education, advertisement, and film and politics.
- Online Classes: Computer Literacy and KnowledgeThe aim of the paper is to prove that educational establishments should change their policies to introduce online classes.
💡 Simple Computers Essay Ideas
❓ Computer Essay Questions
- Are Modern People Computer and Cell Phone Addicted?
- How Has Computer Technology Changed in the Courts and Police Departments?
- Can Computer Games Make Children More Aggressive?
- Does Computer Use Increase Educational Achievements?
- What Are the Benefits of Computer Technology?
- How Did Apple Computer Get Its Brand Name and Logo?
- What Effects Has the Computer Had on Our Lives?
- Can Computer Replace Human Beings?
- Has the Computer Had a Positive or Negative Effect on Society?
- What Are the Advantages of Using a Computer?
- How Can Teachers Minimize the Negative Effects of Computer Games on Children?
- Can Computer Technology Improve the Lives in the Developing World?
- What Are the Greatest Challenges in Computer Science Today?
- How Are Computers and the Internet Changing the Way of Life in the Modern Era?
- Did the Computer Revolution Shift the Fortunes of U.S. Cities?
- What Are the Disadvantages of Computer Addiction?
- How Can Sony Emerge as a Top Contender in the Computer Industry?
- What Is the History of the First Computer?
- Does Computer Penetration Into Secondary Education Encourage Student Engagement?
- How Is Computer Forensics Used in Police Investigations?
- What Is the Role of the Computer Industry?
- Does Computer Usage Change Farmers’ Production and Consumption?
- What Are the Four Types of Computer Memory and How Do They Work?
- How Can Computer Software Be Used as a Tool for Education?
- Will Computer Technology Cause Financial Intermediaries to Become Extinct?