1296 samples of this type
An assessment otherwise termed as a specific way of identifying problems, strengths, and needs of a community is a means used by community developers to make decisions and set objectives. A community assessment also facilitates alignment of priorities and makes it easier to identify which course of action to take....
This article focuses on Genetically Modified Organisms as they are used to produce human food in the contemporary world. Genetically Modified Organisms are the ones whose genetic make-up has been changed or modified using genetic modifications to fit certain standards or requirements. Genetic modification is a common practice which is...
Metabolomics is the study of molecules whose molecular weight is very low and is located in the cells. Metabolites are found in different species of animals and help in extrapolation after research is done in the laboratory. There are different technologies used to measure metabolome, which include spectrometry of mass...
Introduction According to Skoog, Holler and Crouch (2007, p.23) chromatography refers to the process of separating constituents of different chemicals that are in a sample for purposes of detection or individual use. There are different types of chromatography techniques. For example, the gas chromatography commonly referred to as the GC...
Abstract One of the sources of dimethyl ether is methanol. This report analyzes the viability of manufacturing dimethyl ether from methanol by heating it and converting it to dimethyl ether and water. The report considers different costs of operation to calculate the profitability of a plant producing 100,000 tonnes annually....
Abstract This is a study to understand the effect of various hormones on the regulation of blood Glucose in sheep. The researcher has used hormones such as Glucagon, saline, Dexamethasone and Adrenaline in sheep. The result is given in the table and it is talked about in the discussion part...
The human body is a fantastic organism that continues to amaze scientists with the features of its device for many centuries. However, even the previously explored body parts are fraught with many amazing features. This essay aims to study the human’s muscle tissue both in general and at the molecular...
Definition Hydrates are inorganic and organic substances that contain water and are easily formed by less polarized molecules that would fit into a clathrate water cage. The water molecule is combined in a definite ratio as an essential part of the whole crystal constituting the substance. Abstract Natural gas hydrates...
The political economy of Brazil According to popular political scholars of the 19th century such as Karl Marx and Adam Smith, the political events of a country affect its economic performance. Consequently, a country could be wealthy in terms of natural resources but perform poorly due to bad governance. However,...
Due to excessive use in agriculture, organophosphorus (OP) pesticides are one of the most widely occurring pollutants in the environment. They inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and cause serious nerve problems in animals and humans, particularly affecting the nerve-muscle junction. Sensitive OP detection and monitoring of degradation are the two challenges...
Most Surprising Historical Account on Birth Practice The author of this book has presented the historical accounts of birth in such a way that it is not easy to single out the most surprising practice. Almost all the practices are surprising for the reader, as it is hard to believe...
Introduction The human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) is a member of the heterodimeric glycoproteins hormones family which also includes the human follicle-stimulating hormone, the luteinizing hormone (LH), and the human thyroid-stimulating hormone (Dimiri and Kayisli 5). The subunit found in these hormones is identical but the b subunit varies from one...
Streptomyces Bacteria: Overview Belonging to the actinomycete family (Aigle & Corre 2012), streptomyces bacteria have a very peculiar morphology (Jani et al. 2015). Among the key species that comprise the streptomyces bacteria population, Streptomyces coelicolor, Streptomyces ambofaciens (Laureti et al. 2011), Streptomyces lividans, Streptomyces albicans, Streptomyces griseus and Streptomyces plicatosporus...
Human genome refers to the information contained in human genes. The information is stored in DNA sequences within cell nuclei and mitochondria (Michal & Schomburg 2013; Veltman & Brunner 2012). Human diploid genomes are found in body cells that are not involved in sexual reproduction while human haploid genomes are...
Introduction England is one of the most visiting countries on the globe, attracting tourists by historical heritage and traditions, picturesque lands, and the latest achievements in all fields of human activity. However, no matter how much time travelers may spend in England, it will still not be enough to comprehend...
Halophiles usually thrive in salty environments and they are categorized according to the extent of their tolerance for highly saline environments, ranging from slight, moderate and extreme. Their adaptability to these highly saline environments, which have limited habitation by life forms, has drawn the interest of scientists who seek to...
The following is a review of the article on the hydrogen-bonding complexes of 5-Azauracil and uracil derivatives. The article discusses the strong complexes formed when the derivatives of Uracil bond with complementary compounds such as 2, 4-dioxotriazine and adenine. They explore why the strong bonds are formed between these compounds...
Abstract Crystallization is a separation operation in which crystals of blended components are obtained starting from a liquid mixture (solution or molten magma-solid). In some cases, it might generate components that are 100% pure. Crystallization creates thermodynamic conditions that compel molecules to catch up and regroup it into highly organized...
The reproductive system is formed by organs in an organism. These organs function together for the reason of reproduction. It is found in both sexual and asexual organisms. The reproductive system of human beings is similar to that of many animals. A male and female come together during sex and...
E.coli has been found as a modal vector in which genes of different sources can be expressed. There have been many developments in the systems through which protein expression and purification can be achieved using E. coli as the cloning agent. Clontech HAT (Histidine Affinity Tag) is a protein expression...
Halophiles are organisms that inhabit environments with high concentrations of salt. Depending on the salt concentrations in their environment, halophiles can be grouped as extreme halophiles which can survive in areas with salinity as high as 35% and moderate halophiles. Moreover, there are some halophiles that survive in habitats that...
Introduction Our body is a complex made up of systems that aid in its functions; these systems are coordinated by an overall system known as the nervous system. Using sense, the nervous system sends reaction messages to organs for necessary action. The human body has built-in senses that are used...
Abstract Membrane filters are in growing popularity all over the world. These types of filters have found various uses in many industries and sectors. One notable use of membrane filters is in the treatment of water for drinking and domestic use. Membrane filters offer cost-effective and practical solutions to drinking...
I would like to describe agricultural traditions of Canadians. Agriculture plays one of the most important parts in Canada’s life. A lot of people are involved in this area of economy. Canadians are great farmers; they work really hard and enjoy their work and results they get. Very often a...
Introduction Citrus fruit oil is a product obtained from Citrus fruit on both Lemon and Grape fruit, with strong solvent properties. It contains valuable and essential composition that is helpful to human body when applied on the skin. It affects the skin by energizing it. Chinese companies make many products...
Introduction Multifactorial traits refer to the physical and behavioral differences in human beings. Such traits include height, skin color, fingerprints, physical weight and height, behavioral conditions and tendencies, and eye color among others. Some traits are inherited while others are acquired depending on the environmental conditions of one’s upbringing. According...
Abstract Crystallization of L-alanine crystals can be achieved through the use of Meta-assisted and Microwave Accelerated Evaporative Crystallization (MA-MAEC) process. This is a common industrial technique that has the capacity to produce crystals with different polymorphs within a very short time, unlike other preparation methods. MA-MAEC crystallization technique poses myriads...
Transport Role Proteins transport biologically important compounds in the body. In some cases, the transported compound is sorbed by a protein molecule. This protects against destruction and ensures transport with the bloodstream (for example, albumin transport of some hormones, vitamins, medicinal compounds). This type of transport is called passive. In...
In accordance with the chemical classification of elements and compounds, limonene is classified as a hydrocarbon of a cyclic terpene. Its physical features are as follows: it is colourless liquid with a smell of lemon, and of room temperatures in its normal condition. The lemon odour was the key reason...
Abstract This paper sought to identify the fermenting properties of yeast cells. Yeast can be identified as a tiny plant-like microorganism (Cox 122). The main purpose of yeast is to “serve as a catalyst in the process of fermentation, which is essential in the making of bread” (Nieman 570, par....
DNA cloning technique Cloning is the process of transferring a gene from its natural chromosomal to an autonomous vector so that to replicate. During the process of cloning, the DNA is transferred from the cells and manipulated in a test tube and the new DNA is consequently returned into cells...
The Anatomy of the Skeletal System The skeletal system is located in the whole body and may be divided into two parts: the appendicular skeleton and the axial skeleton. Researchers note that “the axial skeleton runs along the body’s midline axis and is made up of eighty bones,” including, for...
Introduction Modes of liquid chromatography are generally divided in accordance with their aims, principles, and technology used for chromatography. Three methods are generally used in protein analysis as the most precise and reliable: affinity method, SDS-page method, and size-exclusion chromatography method. These methods are used for purifying protein solvents by...
Introduction The human body has evolved to harbor a variety of microorganisms. There are specific sites that promote the growth or colonization of the microbes which have led to the gradual development of enriched microbial flora. The important sites are skin, nasal epithelium, gastrointestinal tract, and vagina. Bacteria have dominated...
Introduction Traits that protect the crop yielding potentiality will always be vital. Advanced technologies are being used to design products for insect control such as dsRNA which generate new modes of action. Research efforts mainly focused on enhancing complex traits like biotic stress mitigation and intrinsic yield potential which are...
Introduction As the surface of the earth is covered with 70 % of water, it looks like a blue ball from far above. The well known fact is that water is the most valuable natural resource that exists and without which survival of life is impossible. About 97 % of...
Introduction Billions of years ago, when the dense speck expanded, the matter and antimatter should have disappeared and left nothing but energy. Still, some amount of matter remained and filled the world with numerous particles (Sundermier, 2015). Those particles circulating through the dark matter across the universe might pass through...
Introduction Stem cell research is a controversial field full of ethical concerns. Humans desire to live long and healthy lives and one way to do so is to regain the functions of organs or to regenerate organs (Okka, 2015). Stem cell research is the field of medicine that promises such...
Introduction This research was motivated by the observation of a faulty mutant MYBPC3 gene copy causing a lethal heart disease in people who have inherited it. Since the nature of the disorder is genetical, it was assumed gene modification with the use of the Cas9 enzyme would allow for a...
Geographic Description location in the south-eastern part of Florida (“Miami, Florida,” 2017) location of the city on the Atlantic coast the territory is dominated by flat terrain Gulf Stream flows nearly the coast height above sea averages 4.5 m Miami’s location on the ocean coast, elevation above sea level, and...
Introduction Folate is a naturally occurring vitamin that is part of the B complex group of vitamins. Folate, a water-soluble vitamin is converted to various active forms in the body. Folate is a general name used to refer to folic acid or folacin. Folate is a core vitamin that is...
Introduction Macquarie University scientists are researching on a new protein assigned the name Damini.The source of this protein is a marine organism. The researchers still do not know the full genetic make up of this organism. This has necessitated the cloning of the gene coding for this protein in Escherichia...
Introduction Chadha et al (1982) claims human Interferon alpha is protein derivative that is biosynthesized and secreted by lymphocytes under pathogenic stimulus. Allen and Diaz (1996, p.182-3) argues that the main stimulus that predispose secretion of human alpha are viruses, bacteria, parasites or tumor cells. Spiegel (1989, p.76-77) claims human...
Introduction Every expectant mother wants to be sure that her baby is healthy, well-developed, and complications do not threaten the pregnancy. Modern technologies allow detecting pathologies at an early stage of pregnancy, which makes it possible to make the necessary decisions promptly. Genetic screening (prenatal screening) is a maternally and...
Bacteria have simple digestive systems whereby food is ingested and wastes are eliminated from the body through the cell membrane by use of the contractile vacuole by the process of simple diffusion. On the other hand human beings have a more developed digestive system with various organs being used to...
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology is a course area, which has contributed hugely to life sciences. To affirm this, some molecules are often recognized as building blocks for cell formation, implying that they are fundamental to the physiology of humans. Biochemistry primarily involves the study of such molecules, and this underlines...
Iron regulation in the body Iron is a constituent of all living matter. Iron is a core factor in the electron transfer chain in the body; it is also a vital part of oxygen transport and iron storing molecules such as hemoglobin. It is also a component of host defense...
Introduction The National Zoo is situated along Connecticut Avenue in Washington, D.C. The National Zoo takes care of about four hundred species of animals. Additionally, it offers research and recreation services. Most of the animals in the park are in danger of extinction. I visited the National Zoo on 4th...
Modern genetics allow people to predict the appearance and possible abnormalities of future generations. The most prevalent human traits are brown eyes and dark hair, while the genes of blue eyes and fair hair are recessive (Lin et al., 2016). Moreover, such characteristics as freckles and dimples have the dominant...
Introduction One of the areas of polyoxometalate (POM) chemistry that has had very little research is the solution chemistry of polyoxotantalates. One of the main chemical components in this area comprises the hexatantalates. The chemical species [Ta6O19]8−, which is a positively charged ion, has immense stability in elevated pH. The...
Introduction Bacterial food toxicity refers to the extent to which bacteria can damage organs of persons who ingest food or fluids contaminated with different species of bacteria that are known to cause toxicity. The concept of bacterial toxicity in food is that the biological effects caused by the microorganisms are...
The development of natural science challenges the tenets of already existing theories. Today, with the help of new technologies and modern approaches, researchers are able to formulate more sophisticated ideas that affect previous discoveries. Darwin’s theory of evolution is one of the ideas that was influenced by the developing field...
The dangers of tuberculosis (TB) still form a reality for a large segment of the global population, as it cannot be called a “disease of the past,” unlike bubonic plague, for instance. TB continues to represent a growing threat, as around 2 million people become its victims annually (Gengenbacher and...
We live in time when the nonsensical essence of religious worldview became obvious to just about anyone capable of utilizing its sense of rationale. However, it is namely the publishing of Charles Darwin’s “The Origin of Species” in 1859, which marks the beginning of a new historical era, associated with...
In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a form of fertilization that occurs outside the body in which egg cells are fertilized by sperm cells in a specially prepared fluid medium. Following the fertilization of the egg outside the body, the zygote is implanted into the womb of the mother. If both...
Introduction The term magnesium was derived from the word magnesia which is the district in Greece from which magnesium was first mined. The importance of magnesium in plants was discovered by scientists such as Mayer, Knop, Sachs, and Salm-Horstmar; and then in 1904-1902, Willstarter identified magnesium to be part of...
Introduction PCR is a biotechnological invention that is used to analyze genetic material and synthesize copies of the same. It analyses the very tiny fragments of genetic material including the damaged material to a level which can be easily studied. For the past hundred years, PCR has been the most...
Introduction Biological systems contain a wide range of fatty acids in cell membranes and stored fat. In particular, the cell membrane of microbial organisms consists of a bilayer of glycerophospholipids in which the fatty acids are esterified to glycerol (Carlsson 1973, p.288). Microbial fatty acids are unique from one species...
Many scientists tried to understand what consciousness is and how it interacts with the world, and Anil Seth, in his speech, also talks about his findings on this topic. Seth (2017) says that people hallucinate all the time, and the images that they perceive as reality are formed by the...
When Charles Darwin visited the Galapagos Islands in the 1830s, thirteen species of finches inhabited the place. Finches show a variety of shapes and sizes of beaks, all of which are suitable for their different types of food and lifestyles. Darwin gave this phenomenon the following explanation: they are all...
Introduction Combinatorial chemistry is a new technique found by scientists mainly for the process of discovering drugs. It is a technology for carrying out simultaneous synthesis as well as testing of hundreds and thousands of compounds of related structure in a single container. Traditional chemistry is usually marked by the...
Molecular biology, along with ‘GenBank’ plays an important role in genetic disorders. More than 200 single-gene disorders have been detected. It determines the molecular genetic defects in various diseases. These include amongst others cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and thalassaemia. Modes of inheritance are essential knowledge in genetic counseling and...
Introduction Biological evolution refers to descent with modification. Biologically, descent is taken to refer to the concept of passing traits from one generation to another while on other hand modification is regarded as the change in the composition and frequency of the gene.This is the concept through which the modern...
Prokaryotes are organisms that lack a cell nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle, while Eukaryotes possess both. The nucleus is one of the most important structures required in living organisms. The nucleus can be thought of as the ‘brain’ of the cell. Mostly Prokaryotes are single-celled or unicellular, except the...
Introduction Etiologic agent Brucellosis is a common infection that affects man, swine, goats, and cattle, although it rarely infects wild mammals such as deer in the United States. The disease is responsible for the occurrence of abortion in cattle (Ingebrigtsen, Ludwig, Arlin, & McClurkin, 1986). Brucellosis is caused by bacteria...
Chapter 1 The first chapter of the book Why Evolution is True by Coyne is an introduction to evolution and how it is driven by natural selection. Charles Darwin coined the theory that all life forms resulted from evolution, which was largely propelled by natural selection, which bases on the...
Introduction Among many exotic and extinct fauna, thirteen species of Darwin’s finches, namely Geospiza fortis, G. scandens, G. magnirostris and G. fuliginosa harbor Galápagos Islands, Santa Cruz, and Daphne Major (Grant & Grant, 2008). According to Grant and Grant (1995), these species have displayed remarkable evolutionary adaptations to survive harsh...
Introduction Methicilin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterial strain that is resistant to beta-lactam antibiotic penicillin. It is also known as multidrug resistant Staph. In the hospital set up, patients who make use of invasive devices, have compromised immune system, and have open wound have greater chances of getting...
Radiation results from the decay of unstable nuclei to give out particles that could destroy normal tissues leading to diseases such as cancer. Radioactive elements are referred to as ionizing radiations that can impact the chemical and physical traits of the molecules they are exposed to. Radiation comprises high-energy particles,...
The effects of environmental pollution on the global marine ecosystem, as well as local ones, have been tremendously adverse, with multiple species having become extinct or approaching the stage of extinction. Therefore, strategies for restoring the ecosystems that said organisms need to survive and thrive must be introduced into the...
A study conducted at Paul Sabatier University found that societal shifts caused ancient hunter-gatherers to prefer male horses. The research used DNA from the remains of ancient horses to determine alterations in animal husbandry preferences. The study of DNA, starting with the human genome, has broadened to allow researchers to...
The overall aim of this report is to explain the use of chromatography procedure in separating the components of lycopene. Conjugated polyenes with multiple single or double bonds alternating give fruits and flowers the different colorations feature. According to Answers.com (2010) lycopene is a red carotenoid pigment and a polyene...
The brain is one of the most complex body organs, and addressing the issues that relate to it can be sophisticated as well. The TED Talk video gives an elaborate description of the common misunderstanding of the brain like a bag of chemicals and that related ailments can be resolved...
In 1998 French researchers Christian Vaisse, Karine Clement, Bernard Guy-Grand & Philippe Froguel published an article A frameshift mutation in human MC4R is associated with the dominant form of obesity in the scientific journal Nature genetics. The article implies exploring the human melanocortin-4 receptor and its relation to obesity. The...
Digestion Process The process of digestion occurs in the digestive system. This process is the source of energy for all living creatures. Digestion involves the breakdown of large junks of food into small molecules that can be absorbed into the system. The process occurs in three key steps. These are...
Heart anatomy The heart consists of four chambers through which blood inconsistent flows. They are divided by heart walls that are made of cardiac muscle as the whole structure. The upper compartments are called atria (singular: atrium), and the lower ones are ventricles. Atlas of Human Cardiac Anatomy interactively shows...
Introduction Background of ESI-MS Research studies by Tang et al (2001:1658-1663), Bruins (1998:345-357) and Kebarle and Tang (1993:972A-985A) reported that ElectronSpray ionization (ESI) is a method that is employed in mass spectrometry to produce charged particles. Bruins (1998:348) reported that ESI is employed to molecules of high molecular mass because...
Introduction DNA profiling is an odd identification genetic passport that carries information about several dozen genome regions belonging to one person. DNA profiling analyzes the number of repeating elements in a selected area of the genome. The repeating part is called a tandem repeat, and the amount is variable. The...
The concept of a failed state, also known as a fragile state, emerged about three decades ago, but politicians and researchers have not reached unanimity in defining and interpreting this issue. Generally, states are considered to be failed when they have lost control over considerable parts of their territory (Lynch...
Introduction Chemistry education is aimed at preparing one for better living. Chemistry occupies a central position among science subjects. Chemistry is conceptualized as gaining knowledge problem-solving and constructing personal understandings. Chemistry can be defined as using our knowledge of how matter is put together and how it interacts with other...
Ethnography is a formal process of intuitive understanding something people are keen on. The ethnographers observe, record, and describe social relations in written. Their primary sources of data are questions, conversations, notes, interpretation of conventional signs, and spending time in the environment they aim to investigate. The difference between ethnographers...
Introduction Animal bodies contain chromosomes that carry DNA segments called genes. Genes are important, in that, in human beings, genes determine characterization. For example, genes determine the hair color, loftiness, and heaviness of human beings. Moreover, genes are paramount in establishing behavior patterns and personalities in human beings. Nevertheless, genes...
Influenza viruses can be categorized into three. These subtypes are named as A, B and C with A type viruses infecting humans, birds, horses, pigs and other animals. The natural hosts for these viruses are wild birds. A review of available substantiation on potential transmission of avian influenza indicates that...
The development of new branches within biology laid the foundation for understanding the subtle mechanisms of cell functioning in general and of its components. It became apparent that the genetic apparatus occupies the central place in a cell. Thus, a prospect of directed influence on the structure and functioning of...
The duration, amplitude, and shape of the compound action potential change with an increase in stimulus strength. When stimulation increases in strength, more fiber nerves are activated and the AP of the fibers summates a CAP and as a result, when the stimulus happens to be stronger a large segment...
The United States of America consists of 50 states. Among them is New York, which is located in the North-Eastern part of the continent. It is considered the most populated with almost 19 million people, yet it stands at number 27 in terms of land space in America (“52 Interesting...
Abstract The Gaucher disease type 1 category is a genetically related complication in which there is an automatic recession in the way lysosomes store some important gene enzymes. This abnormality is mainly caused by the slow or sometimes dormant reactivity of the genetic chemical substance called beta-glucocerebrosidase. The latter is...
Over the past 50 years, the functions of zoos have changed significantly. Initially, they were intended to maintain wild animals in the areas where they had not spread and demonstrate them to the urban population and the city tourists. In addition, the construction of zoos implied a scientific function, as...
Introduction Sea invasion is a common occurrence, for example, Lake Superior and Huron produced more than 7000 tons of fish in 1940 before the collapse of trout population after infestation by sea lampreys in 1962 (“U.S. fish & Wildlife Service n.d.”). In essence, sea lampreys have affected ecology in lakes...
Low cost and rapid performance displayed by the whole-cell biosensor technology has led to increased interest in them. In addition bacterial biosensors are highly accurate, simple and easy to manufacture. Today, the technology of bioluminescent and fluorescent biosensors can, for example, be applied in the sensing of toxic metals and...
Abstract Based on the fact that minerals are always made of aqueous matter, minute liquid-blebs could be collected within structures that are crystalline in nature or that have been with healed-fractures. The tiny blebs may be within the ranges of zero point one to one point zero millimeters; due to...
Cells need to produce considerable amounts of energy to sustain day-to-day operations and reproduce to grow and create new organisms. For example, the meiosis process involves the replication of chromosomes so that one cell can become four gametes (Ko, Chapter 13, 7). The photosynthesis light reaction is the first stage...
Silencers RNA silencing is an evolutionary conserved intracellular surveillance system based on the recognition and targeting of RNAs containing regions that are double stranded. Typical roles of RNA silencing include genome defense and specification of heterochromatin formation, posttranscriptional inhibition of gene expression by miRNA and antiviral defense. RNA silencing is...
Introduction Biotechnology is the use of organisms or their derivatives that are modified to suit human needs. This field is gaining popularity in different fields like medicine, agriculture, and food science where different products are produced in large amounts overcoming obstacles that have rocked these fields. For instance, it is...
Introduction In 2012, John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Their discovery lies in the fact that mature cells can turn back into their stem cell form and then become a different kind of tissue than they were initially. Stem cells are...
The genetic composition of an organism is what is referred to as the genotype. The genotype is composed of a pair of alleles and it is what is manifested as the phenotype or observable characteristics of an organism. The pairs of alleles are confined in a locus having different phenotypic...
The graph describes the connection between relative humidity and temperature as well as the variations in these two parameters at different times of the day. The overall relationships exhibited are that the relative humidity increases as temperature reduces and vice versa. The peak relative humidity is measured at 6 am,...
Introduction Molecular biology tools include polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which requires a mRNA template or a cDNA template, polymerase enzyme and a primer; mainly an oligonucleotide primers. The design of the best primer is important for the success of many molecular biology techniques such as polymerase chain Reaction, hybridization, sequencing...
Introduction Background information An accurate assessment of the concentration of dyes in food and beverages forms an integral aspect of consumer safety. Mutagenic effects stemming from high levels of concentration lead to cancer development. The determination of the concentration of dyes through spectrophotometric analysis provides an accurate method. Objective The...
Calcium is an essential element within the process of muscle contraction due to its direct involvement in the interaction between muscle fiber proteins, such as actin, troponin, and myosin. Myofibrils have the ability to interact with ATP and contract only in the presence of certain concentrations of calcium ions in...
Introduction Bioremediation is an essential biological process that entails the application of microorganism or their products in the decontamination of the environment. Microorganisms can degrade pollutants in their environment by using them as substrate materials for their enzymes in the generation of metabolic energy (Perpetuo et al., 2011). Increasing levels...
Bacteria The paper aimed to study the mechanism by which gram-negative bacteria resist killing by antimicrobial peptides which are found in a diverse range of organisms and help restrict the growth of invading bacteria. Earlier studies have shown that gram-negative bacteria acquire resistance to antimicrobial peptides through modification in the...
Historical Background The Discovery of the islands in 1535 by the Bishop of Panama, Fray Tomas de Berlanga. “The first scientific mission to the Galápagos came in 1790 under the leadership of Alessandro Malaspina, a Sicilian captain, sent by the King of Spain.” (Jackson, 1993, p. 2) The Galapagos archipelago...
The concept of social ontology refers to exploring the nature and features of society. Comte, one of the most prominent French philosophers, discussed social ontology from the point of positivism. The ideas of this philosopher composed the fundamentals of modern sociology. Comte’s law of three stages shows the evolution of...
The course of human anatomy begins with the definition of the body’s organs and systems that have various functions. All these systems are essential, but some organs are called vital, while others are not vital. This paper aims to name and discuss the purposes of the key vital organs, describe...
Reptiles are popular animals that can be easily identified by people due to their typical characteristics. For instance, snakes have always made human beings joining opposite sides of the discussion on whether they like them or not. To begin with, reptiles are a group of slithering animals that have a...
The end of the 20th century resulted in various global protests and ideologies due to the insecurities associated with the changing world. These developments could be studied and understood using the concept of political construction of hopelessness. Brown et al. (2020) identify the term as the use of frustration, violence,...
According to the survival of the fittest concept, there is a mechanism of natural selection that leads to reproductive success. Darwin’s evolutionary theory refers to the species that can adjust to the environment to translate their attributes to the future generations. Based on the “On the Origin of Species” by...
Introduction All Chemical reactions, reproduction processes, cellular functioning, and general body development require energy for proper functioning. Deficiency in energy supply to body parts leads to death in all living organisms. Photosynthetic organisms utilize the sun as their main source of energy, through the conversion of solar energy to chemical...
Introduction Copy number variations (CNVs) have more impacts on DNA sequence within the human genome than single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). CNVs have gained a lot of importance which are widely accepted even if there are no fully evaluated optimal methods of identifying the disparities between the two. CNV has functional...
Organelles are a category of structures that constitute the cell within the organism. The most prominent one in eukaryotic cells is the nucleus, which contains the DNA and controls the cell’s operations. The mitochondria are primarily responsible for energy conversion, and the ribosomes produce proteins that are necessary for operations....
The selected topic is the impact of genes on behavior. This topic is interesting due to the numerous debates on whether there is a correlation between genes and personality or behavior. Critically, there are studies that claim that twins often have the same behaviors. Considering this, therefore, one can argue...
Introduction Today’s emphasis on genetic technology and its application has major implications for healthcare now and in the future. Nurses need to understand the importance of integrating new knowledge of genetics into their practices and be able to help patients cope with the genetic basis of disease. Nurses also need...
As ordinary people live day to day, they do not always think of those secrets and interesting questions that scientists are still trying to find answers to. For example, what is the current evolutionary state, and what exactly will the future bring to humans? When a person looks ahead to...
Introduction A parasite’s location is a fundamental factor which determines the behavioral changes in hosts such as rodents, which are infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Brain is the common part of the body attacked by the parasite. Toxoplasma gondii is a single-celled protozoan parasite which causes toxoplasmosis and is associated with...
Introduction The growth and development of plants in an environment depend on numerous factors for their growth and development. Major factors required for plants’ growth are water, air, soil, light, nutrients, and warmth (Qaderi et al. 5). Since the amount of precipitation varies from one season to another and in...
Individuals are born with an identity, but they also need to belong to a group. However, people with genetic disorders have historically been isolated. Fear and stigmatization by others make their life unbearable as they struggle to fit in the society. Two of Buttler’s fiction stories reveal some critical issues...
Introduction When it comes to the formation of a unique environmental unit, a holobiont can link an individual host to a variety of interactive microorganisms, and microbiota (Bachmann et al. 2017). According to Casadevall and Pirofski (2014), the holobiont relationship explores the connection between microbiome and microbiota. Microbiomes refer to...
Summary The article understudy is devoted to the topic of genetic association and the prognosis of phenotypic characters. In practice, the probability of successfully measuring these parameters depends on the exact determination of the human phenotype (Wollstein, et al., 2017). The study focuses on such a topic as human iris...
A brain tumor is an incompletely studied disease, which, nevertheless, is dangerous for people. The tumor itself represents the formation of cancerous cells inside the brain (Kivi & Leonard, 2017). Since Mr. Mateo’s list of signs contains impaired vision, it can be assumed that the cancer is in the occipital...
Epigenetics is a study of heritable phenotypic changes or gene expression in cells that are caused by mechanisms other than DNA sequence (Grossniklaus, Kelly, Ferguson-Smith, Pembrey, & Lindquist, 2013). Epigenetic changes may be ‘stored’ in a number of cells and may be inherited by future generations. Basically, epigenetics studies how...
Effective management of pests in the agricultural sector is critical in improving yields and eliminating unnecessary destruction of crops. The concept of integrated pest management has gained popularity over the recent past as agricultural experts embrace technology and new methods of managing pests. It emphasizes the need to manage pests...
Understanding the primary aspects of the setting where a particular population resides is instrumental in meeting its needs accordingly. Therefore, using data aggregates such as Claritas.com, where data is presented based on the ZIP code of an area, is an important step in delineating the general direction of the further...
Ideal delivery systems for gene therapy should be safe and efficient. Non-viral DNA transposons and retro-transposons have been successfully applied in mammalian gene transfer in vitro. For example, the Sleeping Beauty (SB) system has been utilized to generate transgenic mouse models. A more versatile tool developed recently for mutagenesis is...
Throughout her life, the author has been confronted with ideas — broadcasted by teachers and parents, among others — about the inability to restore nervous tissue. Thus, the adults tried to show how harmful to be nervous so such opinions can be perceived as protection, but as it turned out,...
Blood vessels in the body and their function There are five types of blood vessels. These are the veins, arteries, capillaries, venules, and arterioles. The arteries take blood away from the heart, they also provide oxygenated blood to the body cells. Arteries branch into smaller vessels called arterioles, which help...
There is a widespread belief among people that self-awareness and control are responsible for all actions taken. However, in reality, some behavioral patterns and motives are controlled not by consciousness at all, but by the work of neurotransmitters. In other words, not all actions and decisions are controlled by a...
Introduction The evolution theory is an umbrella of three ideas that Charles Darwin came up with. These are “microevolution”, which is the genetic build-up of an organism as it mutates. This occurs due to natural mistakes in the reproduction of the next generation and thus a difference in the next...
Multifactorial or complex diseases can stem from several factors as it becomes clear from the title. It may be a genetic impairment or unhealthy lifestyle habits, inheritance, or a combination of them. For example, heart disease can be called multifactorial because there can be many issues that cause the heart...
Bilateral is a hypothetical organism, Urbilateria, and was the last common ancestor of Deuterostomia (echinoderms and the various chordate phyla) and Protostomia also referred to us higher animals. Classically, these two groups, the Deuterostomia, and Protostomia differed in a number of respects. Some of these characteristics have been challenged recently,...
Introduction There is no doubt that modern technologies greatly simplify human life, especially if it concerns computers and intelligent systems. Being a part of a developed digital society, the consumer integrates with existing technical solutions every day and, therefore, hardly perceives them as something fantastic. In biological technologies, the situation...
All organisms consist of cells that are the basic units of life. Every cell is a complex structure that includes various fewer components. These elements are called organelles, and cells use them to perform specific jobs. There are many organelles, and cilia are among their number. This research paper will...
Brief Theoretical Background Acid Base Interaction Chemical reactions between the molecules of acids and bases formed the foundation for the acid-base titration method, thanks to which a number of working problems related to the selection of the indicator, determination of the type of interaction, calculation of the equivalence point are...
Introduction The term blindness is used somewhat misleading in the designation of certain visual conditions in which visual acuity is not significantly reduces. Color Blindness, for example, does not involve a reduction of “visual sharpness and should more accurately be called a color-perception deficiency. Color blindness occurs almost exclusively in...
Warehousing is an essential element of the supply chain, and its significance increases when it comes to perishable goods. It is so because inadequate warehousing conditions decrease the products’ quality and shorten their shelf life. Thus, organizations should draw much attention to ensure that they store their goods properly. The...
Introduction Even in the age of information and scientific developments, the theory of evolution continues to separate people. This theory supports religious separation by disproving the concept of intelligent design, according to which the complexity of living organisms on the planet makes life unexplainable and suggests the presence of an...
Abstract The amount of digital memory is increasing day by day, while the power potential of typical silicon and other semiconductor transistors is severely limited. The researchers propose as an alternative to use natural biomolecules contained in the organisms of all living things, namely, DNA. DNA, with its unique chemical...
Fungi have ancient origins: the most recent evidence suggests that they appeared as early as one billion years ago. However, the fossil record available now is scarce and inconclusive, which makes scientists rely on mapping the evolutionary relationships of fungi using biochemical characters. The commonality found in fungal groups is...
Trillions of cells build the human body, and their lifespan processes keep organs and systems alive. The most significant operations are metabolism to grow and reproduction of cells, as they support an organism’s overall environment. Fermentation, aerobic and anaerobic respiration are essential parts of this maintenance. Microbes apply them for...
Introduction Today, agriculture makes significant contributions to the development of the U.S. economy. Many industries are closely related to this field, including food sales, forestry, fishing, and manufacturing. The connection between agriculture and the chemical industry results in the creation of a new agrichemical industry with higher-yielding seeds, specific chemical...
Introduction Hominid fossils can provide biologists with the crucial insights into the ancestral background of modern humans. The Skhul V specimen was found in 1932 by Theordore McCown and Hallum Movius Jr (Homo Sapiens: Skhul V). The location of the finding served as the inspiration for the fossil’s name. In...
Introduction Genotyping refers to the process of finding differences in the genetic constitution of an individual through the examination of the entity’s DNA sequence using biological assays. The DNA sequence is then compared to a reference sequence to pinpoint the disparities (Abdurakhmonov 2018). Such a process may uncover alleles that...
The classification of organisms based on their structure implies their belonging to either prokaryotic or eukaryotic types. The cells forming these organisms vary in both anatomy and function. The principal anatomical difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is in the presence of a membrane that bounds organelles and the nucleus in...
The New Career Prospects A few decades ago, genetics was mostly a science-related sphere of employment. However, according to Portman (2016), this is changing today. Nowadays, people with a degree in genetics can have solid career prospects in medicine and even agriculture (“Genetics jobs in the United States,” 2017). Daily...
Microbiology studies the structure, vital functions, patterns, and developmental conditions of organisms. The name of science microbiology, one of the biological sciences, came from three Greek words: mikros – small, bios – life, and logos – study (Singh & Satyanarayana, 2017). In other words, microbiology is the science of tiny...
West Indian Ocean coelacanth is a fish species found on the southeastern coast of Africa. They generally live at a depth of 100 to 800 meters, although a living specimen has been observed at a depth of a mere 54 meters (Fraser et al., 2020). This fact makes them relatively...
Introduction It is not uncommon for an older generation to be disapproving or judgmental of a younger generation. The Generation Y, or the Millennial generation, a demographic cohort of individuals born between the early 1980s and the late 1990s, is no exception to the rule. Currently, the largest generation in...
DNA is a unique code that identifies each person, and science keeps revealing its opportunities to find more information about humanity. Nowadays, the unique nature of DNA is utilized for multiple purposes, such as finding biological parents or victims of catastrophes and convicting criminal offenders. However, is there a guarantee...
GMO is the abbreviation for any organism whose genetic code has undergone an artificial, targeted change. It is essential to understand that this applies only to those transformations that cannot occur either as a result of selection or as a result of evolution. Modern biotechnology allows the movement of genetic...
Introduction During sprint races among sportspeople, the most crucial emphasis is placed on the time for which an athlete can run. A short distance does not mean easy performance professional sprinters must demonstrate incredible coordination and speed performance to be the first among their competitors. Every hundredth of a second...
