1294 samples of this type
Self-expression and Artifacts Humans may create cultural artifacts for such simple reasons as survival. However, the object will be different from that created by another person, although if they belong to the same culture, some similarities are also likely to exist. The need for self-expression arises from the sense of...
Introduction Thua Thien Hue is one of the five provinces in the Pacific Ocean that borders Quang Tri, Da Nang, Quang Nam, and Laos it is located on the central coast of Vietnam, and Hue City is its capital. The city is 660 kilometers from Hanoi and 1080 kilometers from...
Introduction Urban sprawl refers to the loss of a land’s rural characteristics due to the geographic expansion of cities and towns or spatial footprint. Urban sprawling is caused by the need to accommodate an increasing urban population and fulfill residents’ desire for increased living space and residential amenities. The European...
Digestion of foodstuffs is a vital process for the organism’s proper functioning and an irreplaceable part of the metabolism. Metabolism, in turn, provides the bodies of living organisms with energy and valuable substances, which ensures activity and health. Digestion is a process that is designed to help the body absorb...
If I had an opportunity to be reborn as a person who lived in East Asia, I would choose China of the Qing Dynasty as the place of birth. Since boys have always been valued in traditional China, I would also choose the male sex for birth. This will allow...
The Central Asian area is focused on a region of relatively flat terrain surrounded on the east and south by mountain ranges and on the west by the Caspian Sea. Weather patterns, animal and plant species, and populations have all engaged and intermingled for millennia inside these loosely confined natural...
Introduction Epigenetics is the study of how gene expression takes place without changing the sequence of DNA. The epigenetics video is mind-opening about how our behavior can influence our health. The video sheds light on the possible differences in people with similar genetic makeup due to epigenetics. It helps individuals...
Introduction The absorbance of a substance can be measured by determinig the absorption spectra of the substance. A spectrometer can be used to measure the energy transition from the ground state of a substance to an excited state of the substance which is usually above 300KJmol-1(Bhowmik et al., 2018).The absorbance...
Abstract Several common plants and animals have shared chromosomes and are identified as diploid. Mendel’s principle of segregation states that in a heterozygote, one characteristic will hide the presence of another trait for the same feature. Rather than both alleles contributing to a phenotype, the dominant allele will be conveyed...
The human body is a complex and multilevel system whose components are combined into a coherent and balanced mechanism. The need for molecular oxygen defines the body as an open system, which needs the resources of the environment to maintain effective activity. More specifically, at the macro level, oxygen is...
General Information One of the most amazing transitional forms between reptiles, birds, and mammals is the platypus, a modern mammal. The platypus was first discovered in 1797 on the shores of Australia, and it took many years for researchers to figure out what the chimera was. Today platypus is fully...
American internal and external strategies allowed it to gain political power worldwide. The violent competition for establishing the new world order was particularly evident during the Cold War era. However, the lack of competitive forces in the 1990 and the 2000s resulted in creating an idea about taking responsibility for...
Introduction Also known as Emydocephalus annulatus, the turtle-headed sea snake lives in shallow coral reef waters. The snake is mainly found in Indonesia, northern Australia, and the Philippines. The name is derived from its pointed snouts that resemble a turtle. The snake has a habit of prodding cluster fish out...
Sleep is a special state of consciousness, as well as a natural physiological process characterized by a reduced reaction to the surrounding world and specific brain activity. Scientists are still investigating the structure of human sleep, and the purpose of this need is not fully defined. Sleep occupies an important...
Introduction The analysis of documentary stories about individual geographic regions is often built on standard research patterns when milestones in history and key achievements are mentioned. The video Africa’s Great Civilizations: Cities directed by Mark Bates and presented by Henry Louis Gates Jr. cannot be included in the list of...
Introduction Accurate identification of an unknown substance’s composition is one of the cornerstone tasks of chemical analysis, therefore the range of potential techniques used for this purpose varies greatly. One useful qualitative determination practice is to measure the melting point for a substance since this characteristic is considered unique. Thus,...
General Information One of the most famous birds in the world is the bald eagle, which is the national symbol of the United States. Although this bird is a modern animal living in the Quaternary Cenozoic, the bald eagle has many of the features of dinosaurs, so systems biology often...
Structure Fibrinogens are molecules that are usually found in the blood plasma. It is a 340-kDa glycoprotein composed of two sets of disulfide-bridged Alpha-, Beta-, and gamma-chains (Weisel & Litvinov, 2017). Fibrinogen is formed after FGA, FGB, and FGG links. These genes are clustered around the human chromosome 4, which...
Introduction The fundamental differences between the British common law system and Quebec’s civil law system are associated with the national, historical, political, psychological, and other characteristics of countries and peoples. Due to its natural and other features, each of these legal systems develops on its own. This development, along with...
Medieval Japanese Confucianism is a unique phenomenon, which spread across the whole nation. The main reason for its popularity in the country of the rising sun is the fact that Japanese neighbors such as China had been practicing Confucius’ teachings for centuries before it got to the island. Japan was...
In the article “Are Neanderthals Human” written on September 20, 2012, Carl Zimmer suggests that there were numerous various species of human in the past, including Neanderthals, which helps modern scientists determine the nature of other species. The author reveals the story of anthropologic discoveries and describes the ideas of...
All living beings, including humans, evolved to live in changing external environments and interact with them. Sensory reception, which consists of five senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch, is a complete system that enables one to survive effectively (Pfaffmann, 2017). Pain is usually attributed to touch, as it is...
The coloring of the iris that environs the minor black hole in the middle of the eye and pupil controls the amount of light entering the eye, controlling an individual’s eye color. The color of the iris differs from extremely pale blue to natural shady brown. The most common eye...
The shoot system of flowering plants consists of leaves, stems, and bud structures, as well as flowers and fruit. The root system has mechanical and conductive functions. The mechanical role of the roots is to create a stable position of the plant on the surface. The conductive function is responsible...
Numerous changes that continue in the environment take place over a long time. Sustainable agriculture provides a long-term impact on the agro-ecosystem. It aims to produce food in an environmentally friendly environment that prevents depletion of soil fertility or pest problems. This area uses a proactive approach as opposed to...
Introduction Phytoremediation is when green plants are used to treat and control hazardous chemicals and contaminants from groundwater and soil by uptaking the pollutants into the plant tissue or leaves. Examples of these contaminants are metal and metalloids, sludge, convectional wastes, and xenobiotic pollutants. The process is eco-friendly, which can...
Introduction The depth of studies increases alongside the technological progress of humanity. Genetics is one of the scientific fields that benefit greatly from these advancements, as many of its aspects rely on the analysis of massive data sets. However, when scientists began working with human DNA, it became apparent that...
Purpose of the Experiment The purpose of this experiment is to isolate two cultures. To isolate the two cultures, an isolation streak plate technique was used (Carolina Distance Learning 3). In a microbiology experiment, the isolation streak plate technique helps to isolate a pure culture from a mixed culture. The...
Introduction This presentation focuses on a single bird species, the American Crow. It is a common name of this bird, while its scientific name is Corvus brachyrhynchos (Townsend, Taff, et al., 2019). Its picture is present on the slide to demonstrate its appearance. American Crows typically live in the northern...
Agricultural developments were an essential step in technological progress for humanity that allowed people to sustain high population counts. However, due to the differences in availability of usable soil masses and their scale, West Africans and Medieval Europeans approached agricultural issues with entirely different solutions. This paper will examine how...
Human beings were trying to answer the simple from the first glimpse throughout the whole history, but enormously broad from the other perspective question: “What human nature is like?” The biggest problem with this question is that too many possible answers eliminate the one “right” answer. This is because of...
Introduction An identification process of protein that is accurate is required to be able to produce quantitative proteomics; this process is mostly carried out by searching automated softwares, they track the sequence of the database which contains mass spectra tandem of peptides, if these peptides do not have enough data,...
General Description of Homo Floresiensis Homo Floresiensis is a primitive hominine species that has become an object of active scientific debates. H. Floresiensis was discovered in 2003 in Lang Bua (Indonesia) in the Late Pleistocene sediments (Sutikna et al., 2016). For a long time, the scientists have been discussing the...
Intelligence is the ability to reason, solve problems, make decisions and learn new concepts. Additionally, creativity and emotional knowledge constitute the intelligence levels of an individual. My IQ test result is 103, reflecting my intelligence levels since the test focuses on analytic and mental capabilities (Ruhl, 2020). Some ways of...
Hunting and gathering were the primary activities of foraging communities in the prehistoric era. It implied that people simply harvested the goods already prepared for them by nature and resettled to a different area once the previous one was depleted. According to Suzman (2018), archaeologists and historians used to believe...
Materials and Methods GST Pull Down The protein-protein interaction experiment produced the 6*His-USP elution fraction that was carefully transferred into a microfuge labeled USP7D. The labeled microfuge was then stored on ice. GST and GST-EBNA 1 peptide columns, which were initially loaded in the freezer, were obtained and allowed to...
It is important to note that there are approximately 500 amino acids, but proteins in the human body are mostly comprised of 20 amino acids, which can be further categorized into three main groups. There are essential amino acids, nonessential amino acids, and conditional amino acids. The former group includes...
Capillaries are small blood vessels that help connect veins and arteries while also facilitating the exchange of different vital elements between tissues and blood. They represent core connections in the arterial system, which includes the blood vessels that carry blood in the direction away from the heart and toward the...
Introduction Traditional Chinese medicine has a fundamental and very different outlook on human health developed and supplemented for over two thousand years. While modern Western medicine is reactive, focusing on the treatment of disease, traditional Chinese medicine focuses on health to prevent disease. This work in its content describes the...
Introduction The American Robin is also known as Turdus migratorius is a medium-sized migratory songbird that belongs to the “thrush” genus. Its geographic spans the entire North American continent, but it commonly seen in northern Nearctic regions, particularly for breeding. It is carnivorous and highly adaptable. The bird is one...
Introduction This study discusses Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, which are also called PAHs, as specific chemicals materials that present huge risk for the environment, animals, and human beings. These materials are formed as a result of process of combustion of different materials. The project also mentions the process of calibration and...
Our project aimed to characterize Norway from its economy, politics, geography, social and cultural factors, business conduct, and an effective strategy for intercultural negotiations. Having analyzed geographical, government, and economic factors, we can conclude that the sea has historically been of great economic importance for the Norwegian country. It allowed...
Introduction There are no other cells in the human body that can generate more different cells than stem cells. Research scientists have developed an interest in stem cells’ composition and applicability in the medical field (Wang et al., 2017). Cell division of the stem cells can generally occur in the...
The results obtained in the experimental test with Mannitol salt agar (MSA), showed that there was microbial growth in the plates inoculated with staphylococcus aureus. However, the colonies of S. aureus were quite different in size and color components. Actually, the colonies of S. aureus were small in size, but...
Glycolysis is a biological term used to describe reactions that extract energy from glucose by dividing it into two three-carbon molecules named pyruvates. It is an old metabolic pathway found in most living organisms (Chandel, 2021). The term glycolysis is derived from the root of two words, namely glycol, which...
Introduction Background Invasive plant species can be described as “introduced species that have the ability to thrive in areas beyond their natural range and dispersal” (Cellot et al. 1998). This category of plants easily adapts to new environments in an aggressive manner with high reproduction rates. They lack natural enemies,...
Introduction of Kenya Kenya has become an investment target for many foreign countries and investors, with China at the forefront. The Kenyan demographics’ profile as of 2013 was primarily affected by factors such as increased mortality rates due to HIV/AIDS. As a result, the country generally experiences low life expectancy,...
In the study of human evolution and psychology, a few definitions guide the discussion on evolutionary mismatch and its connection to psychology. The first definition relates to human behaviour as understood from the point of evolution. During the growth and development phases, human behaviour refers to the potential and embodied...
Purpose The purpose of this lab experiment is to equip learners with essential laboratory techniques and skills employed to avoid contamination of microbial cultures by maintaining purity. This experiment will allow us to utilize an aseptic technique to inoculate a pure culture of Lyompholized Escherichia coli to broth, slants, and...
Stem cells potential application in medicine and medical research. Main points: Cells grown in the laboratory can be used to replace damaged tissues and organs or correct their improper work (Cafasso, 2017) Their study can also help in the research of genetic defects in cells and the development of cancer...
Human beings have been trying to decipher their origin and roots for centuries onwards. They easily observed that living things inherit traits from their parents, and used this finding for the cultivation of certain features in animals and plants. But the means of such heredity represented a mystery to people...
Objectives The report’s objective is to determine the capacity and the danger of mercury consumption by human beings. Introduction Mercury is a toxic heavy metal and is found in some parts of the environment. There are several artificial and natural mercury sources; however, the most significant ones are those which...
Research on the stem cells is a more advancing knowledge concerning how an organism forms from a solitary cell and how strong cells restore the injured cells in adult organisms. Stem cells are the mainly mesmerizing areas of environmental science at the moment. Nevertheless, study on stem cells tends to...
Have you ever asked yourself about how life appeared on Earth? This question has always been at the center of attention. For many years, there have been debates about whether life was created by God, as described in the Bible, or if it has a more scientific explanation, according to...
Introduction This laboratory test aimed to recognize one unknown species from a diversified culture. The researcher conducted three trials in the laboratory to ascertain the unidentified species. The experimenter’s tests include; Columbia CNA Agar, Eosin Methylene Blue Agar, and the Phenol Red Test (Vega & Dowzicky, 2017). The analyzer realized...
The video concerns the connection between sleep, the brain, and waste disposal. The body’s biological system processes create the problem of waste disposal. A constant supply of nutrients is crucial for all body parts to function. The brain comprises only 2% of the body’s mass but consumes 25% of its...
What was a foraging economy and way of life like? Foraging was the leading way of lifestyle for the oldest communities across the globe. This economy did not imply a controlled source of sustenance, meaning that people had to cover great territories. Hunting and gathering were the primary activities of...
Introduction Living cells undergo a process called transpiration, and produce byproducts that are harmful to the cell. One of the byproducts of cell metabolism is hydrogen peroxide. Excess hydrogen peroxide is toxic to living cell. Therefore, it must be disintegrated into less toxic substances so that it does not damage...
Project Summary Picture Summary The musculoskeletal system is an organ system made up of specialized tissues of the skeletal muscles and bones. Calcium relates to a mineral found primarily in foods, including milk, kale, and fish; it helps maintain strong teeth and bones in the body. This mineral plays an...
Broadly, archaeology scientifically studies prehistoric and historical human activities by recovering and analyzing material culture. As such, archaeologists excavate and describe past human-made objects ranging from simple tools such as stone daggers to complex structures as temples and cathedrals. On the other hand, classical archaeology has traditionally focused its attention...
“Is wolves’ coming back to Colorado beneficial for citizens?” is the main research question for this project that has to be thoroughly discussed and analyzed. The history of gray wolves in this state can be traced back to the middle of the 19th century. A wolf was recognized as a...
Soil consolidation is a process by which there is a decline in the volume of soil due to a reduction in the level of water. The one-dimension theory was established hence changing the definition which was previously associated with clay sediments. Gurjar (2018) suggests that the applied pressure that causes...
Looting and smuggling of illegally obtained artifacts have become a major problem for various branches. In terms of archaeology, this tendency prevents experts from examining the items, hiding important findings from professionals. In addition, looting receives the attention of the world’s governmental services, as it is criminal activity related to...
Introduction Bacteria are minute single celled organisms that live around and inside our bodies.They are so small that scientists often use microscopes to view and study them and each bacterium is estimated to be a micrometer long in size (Bauman & Tizard, 2004). Bacteria just like any other living organism...
Short tandem repeat (STR) is a molecular biology tool mainly exploited in forensic science in order to determine certain locations known as loci present on the nuclear material, DNA. STR sites exhibit remarkable polymorphism which offers a reliable platform for forensic investigations to differentiate the DNA profiles from one individual...
Cretaceous period was the longest segment of Mesozoic era that lasted for almost 80 million years. Cretaceous period is the last section of the Mesozoic era. The first angiosperm and pollinating insects were noticed during this era, and the emerging of angiosperms and pollinating insects is intimately linked (Field et...
Abstract Animal and plant cells contain specialized components that perform specific functions necessary for cell growth and development. These components are known as organelles and vary in size, composition, and location. The nucleus is the central organelle that carries genetic material. In addition, it powers most of the cell’s activities...
The article about the heart shows its representation, including the respective parts. The parts of the heart include the arteries and veins that take blood into and out of the heart. The article describes where the heart lies within the body system and how it functions within the body to...
Introduction The evolutionary relationship between organisms has been measured and monitored using DNA and proteins from these organisms. This is because, members of the same species have the larger fraction of their genes (DNA) and proteins being common. Genes and products of genes (proteins) can be considered as historical documents...
Introduction DNA cloning and sequencing is one of the most essential techniques in molecular biology. This involves the insertion of a fragment of DNA into a vector, for example, a plasmid in order to create a new recombinant molecule (Stark, 1987). The green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a protein that...
Mutation versus polymorphism Although both mutations and polymorphism occur due to changes in DNA sequence, mutations are rare and lead to abnormal alleles. In other words, a mutation can best be understood and defined as a change in the DNA sequence that occurs in a small portion of the gene...
Introduction In the context of present-day developments, DNA analysis appears to be an essential tool for numerous fields. Modern biology and biochemistry intensively use methods, which are based on recombinant DNA. In addition, it is applied in bioinformatics, which implies data mining, which is contained in the DNA sequence. It...
The collection of like cells that have an identical origin which carries out a definite function together is what I am. I can only exist if there is a cellular level organization that is intermediate between cells and an organism (Starr, Beverly 67). These cells have similar functioning even though...
Abstract All animals depend on their taste or smell senses, as functionality for locating and choosing food – whether the foods are animal, plant or other compounds. This function is made possible by chemoreceptors, which are located at the taste buds of the tongue, especially, for humans. Inquiries into the...
The Silurian period lasted from 443 to 417 million years ago. When the ice finally melted, ocean levels rose and the sea flooded vast areas of land, resulting in a milder climate. The Devonian Period (417 – 354 million years ago) was the time of the greatest cataclysms on the...
Introduction Liquid chromatography (LC) and mass spectrometry (MS) were developed as an alternative way of testing other than GC/MS which was used to do tests of nonvolatile liquids. GC/MS is gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Tsuchihashi 2005). LC/MS is used in forensic testing and clinical toxicology. When correct phases of either mobile...
Neurotransmitters are specialized cells that function to transfer information from one nerve, gland, or muscle cell to another. Across the membrane of the neuron cells, there is a difference in charge termed as the membrane potential. Neuro resting potential is the electrical potential difference of the membrane in a non-excited...
Abstract Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents is a growing challenge for the development of chemotherapeutic agents. E. coli is a Gram-negative bacteria that contain pathogenic strains that lead to various illnesses including infections of the respiratory system, urinary tract and gastrointestinal system. Previous studies have reported that small molecules are...
This article’s purpose is to evaluate possible harm and advantages of GM fish. At the beginning of this article, the author notices that the twentieth century’s green revolution may have been the most significant improvement in people’s lives (Muir, 2004). However, there was an enormous increase only in agriculture; as...
Gas chromatography (GC) is a technique used to separate, identify and quantify analytes in a mixture. A gas chromatograph consists of an injector, column (packed or capillary), oven, and detector. The main manufacturers of gas chromatographs supply the following types of detectors: micro-electron capture detector (micro-ECD), flame ionization detector (FID),...
The nervous system of any human consists of two elements — central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS), with the brain and spinal cord being the two parts of CNS and nerves being a part of PNS. The primary function of these systems is to collect data from the body and generate...
Introduction Chlorine is element number 17 and is found in group 17 and period 3 of the periodic table. It is a greenish-yellow pungent, poisonous gas, and is very reactive. it has two isotopes; one with a mass number of 35 and an abundance of 75.75% and the other one...
Organic substances and compounds are chemical compounds that include carbon atoms. This includes proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids, and other compounds that are not found in inanimate nature. Different types of cells may consist of various amounts of organic compounds. For example, plant cells contain more carbohydrates, and animal cells...
Domestication Models Two Agricultural Theories That Oppose Each Other There are two main domestication models used to describe the development of agriculture. Some scientists strongly believe hunter-gatherers first cultivated wild plants by putting random wild seeds in the ground near their homes. The first approach supports the idea that domestication...
Venezuela is located in the northern end of South America, with an area spanning approximately 354 thousand square miles. It has a 1,700-mile coastline bordering the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, administering a number of islands and archipelagos in those bodies of water. Venezuela is divided into three elevations...
Introduction Trichoderma Reesei is a mesophilic fungus which is usually known for its high ability to secrete cellulotytic enzymes (Hi138, 2006). It is majorly used in many industrial processes especially in the conversion of cellulose to glucose, large scale fermentation, down strain process engineering and the process of developing genetically...
The respiratory system comprises various structures and respiratory centers that facilitate effective respiration. Three of these structures are the nose, pharynx and larynx. The nose constitutes a visible external nose and an internal nasal cavity. The nose performs several crucial functions that condition the air before it enters the pharynx....
Fridell (2005, p.8) defines Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) as a scientific technique that is applied in molecular biology to amplify a single or specified number of DeoxyRiboNucleic acids. In addition, Park (2004, p.587) claims the PCR technique is used to produce a large number of copies of a particular specific...
It is unimaginable what could be the situation at the present if the smallpox vaccine had not been discovered. One development that has been hailed to save mankind from a dreaded disease is the discovering of the vaccine. From the audio interview, Richard Preston author of “Demon in the Freezer”...
The birth of molecular genetics has been significant in furthering the knowledge concerning the cell’s coding of information. Assuredly, the cell is responsible for carrying out specific functions in the body. Inside the cell is the nucleus, which contains the deoxyribonucleic acid accountable for carrying out the transcription and replication...
For muscles to contract, the muscle fiber creates tension within itself. This tension is brought up by the action of myosin and actin cross-bridging sequence. Contraction in muscles generally means the generation of tension by the muscles with the help of neurons (Starr, Beverly 108). “The sliding-filament theory of muscle...
Introduction The Triaclyglyceral compounds refer to the group of lipids found in plants and animals; that are easily metabolized to acetyl coenzyme as they are twisters of glycerol as the main constituent of compounds. In most cases, the basic structures of most prevalent triaclyglycerals are not complex; but are composed...
Introduction The stability of proteins determines the correlation between structure and function. Protein stability also plays a role in various properties such as aggregation, solubility, and protein-protein interactions. The stability of proteins is a necessary attribute in cells, as seen in various mechanisms such as unfolded-protein response machines, whose role...
Available literature demonstrates that malaria is a foremost public concern and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world’s most under-developed nations and some regions in developed nations (Ayele, Zewotir, & Mwambi, 2014). The occurrence of malaria, according to these authors, is related to deprived socioeconomic circumstances as...
Background for the research Researching the influence of sustained tilt on the mass transfer of CO2 in a packed column, the basics of the floating production systems are going to be considered. One of the unit operations onboard floating systems is the gas-liquid contacting columns used to strip gases such...
The development of ecosystems is affected by various physical, biological, and chemical agents, and these effects can be both positive and negative. It is noteworthy that in the majority of cases this is an adverse impact. For instance, such physical agents as oil spills or surface plastic debris can be...
In 1996, the successful cloning of a sheep stirred a tremendous debate around the ethics of this practice and its implications for the future of humankind. Indeed, once, cloning from a single adult somatic cell without sexual reproduction used to only exist in science fiction. Before 1996, not once had...
Genetic information in DNA is transcribed to RNA and then translated into the amino acid sequence of a Protein. Transcription During the process of transcription, the information in the DNA codons of a gene is transcribed into RNA. Suppose that gene X has the DNA base sequence 3’-TACCCTTTAGTAGCCACT-5’. The resultant...
PLOS One is an international, interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed, open-access scientific journal that publishes scientific research and reviews in the natural and medical sciences. Yuan, M., Yin, W., Tao, Z., Tan, W., & Hu, Y. (2020). Association of radiologic findings with mortality of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China....
As before the creation of the first civilization and after its appearance, human beings always formed and united into groups and teams. In those days, it was a crucial principle of biological survival, and now it is a significant factor in the social and psychological life of the individual. Over...
The success of science depends on continuous research aimed at upgrading existing knowledge. As such the biological fields of science are undertaking such projects. One such project human genome project (HGP), one of the most important discoveries is aimed at not only identifying and defining all types of human genes...
A fruit is the fleshy and sweet part of a tree or any flowering plant that contains seeds. Some fruits are poisonous while some are edible. Plants usually disseminate seeds using fruits. There are different types of fruits and each has its distinctive taste. Some fruits are sweet; some are...
Goal To establish antibody purification needs. Abstract The variance in the antigen and antibody interaction coupled with the choice of molding these interactions has enabled us to open a new world of antibody use. Today antibody fragments and antibodies are used in immunochemical techniques. It is because of the advanced...
Introduction Hypothyroidism is one of the most common deficiency disorders among canines although it can not be easily diagnosed. It was first diagnosed in canines (dogs) in the 1970s (Volhard, & Volhard, 2011). It is mainly caused by an impairment of the thyroid gland responsible for the production and secretion...
Introduction Gram staining is a highly crucial step in the process of identifying unknown strains of bacteria. It helps to differentiate between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as gives pertinent information on the size and shape of the bacterial cells. The next step in the identification criteria is based...
Introduction There are a number of reasons defining the importance of correct evaluation of various mutagenic reactions in chemical compounds. Although many similar tests were designed, at the moment, the Ames test remains to be the most efficient for distinguishing mutagenic activities. Unlike several other options of assessing a mutagenic...
Introduction Acromegaly is a medical complication characterized by excess secretion of a Growth Hormone. Growth in human beings is facilitated by this hormone. Acromegaly term is borrowed from Greek word akros– implying extremities and megas- meaning enlarged or big. The term was introduced by Pierre Marie, a neurologist from France...
The life of the Nacirema is rich in many rituals that shape the community and underline the role of magic. Three dominant concerns, namely the human body, the appearance, and human health, are usually mentioned in ceremonial activities. For example, the mouth fascination ritual proves the importance of the mouth’s...
Introduction Multifactorial traits refer to distinguishing human attributes that involve several factors or causes, especially about a condition or disease resulting from the interaction of many genes (Cummings, 2015). The environment contributes a lot to the development of human traits. Research has established that most traits exhibited by human beings...
Introduction The process which describes the likelihood of the transfer of characteristics, or traits, which enables the survival and reproduction of an organism in generations to come; to be obtained easily in a population is referred to as natural selection. The difference in the genetic content of organisms is indicative...
Introduction Surfactants refer to chemical substances that lessen the surface tension in water. Lowering the surface tension of water makes it possible for dirt to dissolve in it. Therefore, washing is made easier by the inclusion of surfactants in the washing water. Surfactants can be categorized into four main groups...
The term “tsunami” comes from the Japanese language and means “big wave in the bay”. It occurs during an earthquake in the sea or ocean when conditions are created for the formation of powerful waves in the water column. These waves diverge in all directions from the epicenter onto the...
Nature has made lots of molecule and enzyme substrates which are important in various reaction paths. Yeast alcohol dehydrogenase refers to a group of enzymes that are found in yeast and have a widespread application in the beer and wine industry where they facilitate the process of fermentation. Their basic...
Introduction All living beings form ecosystems with many internal and external connections; ecosystems are assembled into a single biosphere. This global system of life is in constant dynamic equilibrium. The colossal complexity of the biosphere compensates for any negative impact. However, sometimes ecosystems collapse, such a catastrophe can last from...
Introduction First of all, it should be stated that the classification of chemical reactions according to the pH scale defines the acidity of the included and resulting components. Originally, the pH scale was invented for measuring the acidity of the solutions, and the scale incorporates the acidity criteria elaborated by...
The Turtle Mound is an ancient archaeological place located 14 kilometers south of the New Smyrna Beach in Florida, United States. The mound is the biggest shell heaped on the United States mainland, which has an estimated altitude of fifteen meters. It extends for approximately180 meters along the Indian River...
Introduction Background Information Immunity is the biological state where an individual has adequate defenses against diseases, infections, and other invasions. At the same time, the individual acquires the ability to tolerate autoimmune diseases and avoid allergies (Nunn and Altizer 36). An immune system, on its part, is composed of numerous...
Introduction A means of information has been collected by bio gerontologists pertaining to changes that occur during aging at various points of biological organization and development. As these aging matters extend to spread and are viewed normally, pathological modifications are being noticed among species. The table below consists of some...
Abstract Antibiotic resistance has become a public issue that is both costly and horrifying. The diverse studies undertaken have established this phenomenon is becoming hard to control due to what scientists define as mutation. Therefore, antibiotic resistance should be taken seriously. Also more appropriate measures should be put in place...
Abstract Nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia due to hexokinase deficiency is a hereditary disorder marked by the annihilation of red blood cells. The disease occurs as a consequence of a deficiency in hexokinase that is specific to the erythrocytes. An inadequate amount of hexokinase in the red blood cells occurs because of...
Introduction Arsenic is an element that occurs naturally. It exists in both living things and minerals. Due to its toxicity and people’s inability to notice its effects, many people have used it for many years for homicidal purposes (ATSDR, 2014). This paper discusses the toxicological and epidemiological implications of arsenic...
Introduction Nitroaromatic compounds are biodegradable compounds in which, the NO2 group is attached directly to the cyclic aromatic structures; that can easily explode once exposed to explosion inducing conditions. In this respect, QSAR analysis for nitroaromatic compounds is the process through which; the compounds undergo different mutagenic reactions resulting into...
Cellular respiration is necessary to transform glucose into energy. The ATP created via chemical processes then powers cellular reactions. Aerobic respiration only occurs when glucose burns to release energy in the presence of oxygen (Russell et al., 2016). Three essential stages ensure proper aerobic respiration: glycolysis, Krebs’ cycle, and electron...
The haloalkanes include saturated aliphatic compounds, in the molecules of which there is a halogen atom instead of one or more hydrogen atoms. In the class of haloalkanes, isomerism of the structure of the carbon skeleton is observed, such as normal and branched chains. This is due to the different...
An assessment otherwise termed as a specific way of identifying problems, strengths, and needs of a community is a means used by community developers to make decisions and set objectives. A community assessment also facilitates alignment of priorities and makes it easier to identify which course of action to take....
This article focuses on Genetically Modified Organisms as they are used to produce human food in the contemporary world. Genetically Modified Organisms are the ones whose genetic make-up has been changed or modified using genetic modifications to fit certain standards or requirements. Genetic modification is a common practice which is...
A paramecium is a singled celled living organism that belongs to the kingdom Protista. The organisms size is about 0.02 inches in length. They have an oval shape and are rounded on the front and tapered at the end. The organism has a pellicle which gives shape to the organism...
Metabolomics is the study of molecules whose molecular weight is very low and is located in the cells. Metabolites are found in different species of animals and help in extrapolation after research is done in the laboratory. There are different technologies used to measure metabolome, which include spectrometry of mass...
Introduction According to Skoog, Holler and Crouch (2007, p.23) chromatography refers to the process of separating constituents of different chemicals that are in a sample for purposes of detection or individual use. There are different types of chromatography techniques. For example, the gas chromatography commonly referred to as the GC...
Introduction Strawberries are a group of perennial plants which belong to the Rosaceae family. They thrive well in soil that has good drainage, is moderately acidic (pH range 5.0 to 6.0) and require plenty of sunshine grow. They are capable of viable fruit production for a period of up to...
Abstract One of the sources of dimethyl ether is methanol. This report analyzes the viability of manufacturing dimethyl ether from methanol by heating it and converting it to dimethyl ether and water. The report considers different costs of operation to calculate the profitability of a plant producing 100,000 tonnes annually....
Abstract This is a study to understand the effect of various hormones on the regulation of blood Glucose in sheep. The researcher has used hormones such as Glucagon, saline, Dexamethasone and Adrenaline in sheep. The result is given in the table and it is talked about in the discussion part...
In a bid to develop a hypothesis and plan an experiment, I listed several things I would like to know within my surrounding; why a plant curves towards a window, why a plant can not grow towards gravity, why the lateral buds of most plants fail to develop and elongate...
The human body is a fantastic organism that continues to amaze scientists with the features of its device for many centuries. However, even the previously explored body parts are fraught with many amazing features. This essay aims to study the human’s muscle tissue both in general and at the molecular...
The political economy of Brazil According to popular political scholars of the 19th century such as Karl Marx and Adam Smith, the political events of a country affect its economic performance. Consequently, a country could be wealthy in terms of natural resources but perform poorly due to bad governance. However,...
Introduction Gas chromatography (GC) is a technique used to separate volatile components of a complex mixture. The method employs a column made of a flow-through narrow tube in which a sample containing various chemical components passes in a gas stream. The gas stream in chromatography is referred to as a...
Due to excessive use in agriculture, organophosphorus (OP) pesticides are one of the most widely occurring pollutants in the environment. They inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and cause serious nerve problems in animals and humans, particularly affecting the nerve-muscle junction. Sensitive OP detection and monitoring of degradation are the two challenges...
Introduction Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a versatile and critical reaction in molecular biology. The reaction is a landmark in molecular biology because it has made it possible for scientists to study minute quantities of DNA material. PCR involves the amplification of minute quantities of DNA into large quantities for...
There has been a hot debate on factors that influence a person’s personality. According to Salles (2017), some experts believe that genetics plays an indispensable role in facilitating inherent-acquired behaviors, while others claim the environment contributes significantly to shaping an individual’s personality. The debate raises the question of the rationality...
Most Surprising Historical Account on Birth Practice The author of this book has presented the historical accounts of birth in such a way that it is not easy to single out the most surprising practice. Almost all the practices are surprising for the reader, as it is hard to believe...
Introduction Papaine is normally used in separating racemic mixtures with benzoylamino acids. Alternatively the separation can be done using derivatives of amino acids like valine and alanine. The product that is derived after the separation crystallizes with ease. Palarimetry is often used to test whether the resolution has completed successfully....
Introduction The human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) is a member of the heterodimeric glycoproteins hormones family which also includes the human follicle-stimulating hormone, the luteinizing hormone (LH), and the human thyroid-stimulating hormone (Dimiri and Kayisli 5). The subunit found in these hormones is identical but the b subunit varies from one...
Streptomyces Bacteria: Overview Belonging to the actinomycete family (Aigle & Corre 2012), streptomyces bacteria have a very peculiar morphology (Jani et al. 2015). Among the key species that comprise the streptomyces bacteria population, Streptomyces coelicolor, Streptomyces ambofaciens (Laureti et al. 2011), Streptomyces lividans, Streptomyces albicans, Streptomyces griseus and Streptomyces plicatosporus...
Human genome refers to the information contained in human genes. The information is stored in DNA sequences within cell nuclei and mitochondria (Michal & Schomburg 2013; Veltman & Brunner 2012). Human diploid genomes are found in body cells that are not involved in sexual reproduction while human haploid genomes are...
Introduction England is one of the most visiting countries on the globe, attracting tourists by historical heritage and traditions, picturesque lands, and the latest achievements in all fields of human activity. However, no matter how much time travelers may spend in England, it will still not be enough to comprehend...
Halophiles usually thrive in salty environments and they are categorized according to the extent of their tolerance for highly saline environments, ranging from slight, moderate and extreme. Their adaptability to these highly saline environments, which have limited habitation by life forms, has drawn the interest of scientists who seek to...
The following is a review of the article on the hydrogen-bonding complexes of 5-Azauracil and uracil derivatives. The article discusses the strong complexes formed when the derivatives of Uracil bond with complementary compounds such as 2, 4-dioxotriazine and adenine. They explore why the strong bonds are formed between these compounds...
Abstract Crystallization is a separation operation in which crystals of blended components are obtained starting from a liquid mixture (solution or molten magma-solid). In some cases, it might generate components that are 100% pure. Crystallization creates thermodynamic conditions that compel molecules to catch up and regroup it into highly organized...
The reproductive system is formed by organs in an organism. These organs function together for the reason of reproduction. It is found in both sexual and asexual organisms. The reproductive system of human beings is similar to that of many animals. A male and female come together during sex and...
E.coli has been found as a modal vector in which genes of different sources can be expressed. There have been many developments in the systems through which protein expression and purification can be achieved using E. coli as the cloning agent. Clontech HAT (Histidine Affinity Tag) is a protein expression...
