1270 samples of this type
An enzyme is a protein that speeds up or slows down cell chemical reactions. Enzymes perform various functions in cellular metabolisms, such as food digestion in animals and the process of respiration, and also aid in muscle and nerve function. Enzymes are affected by temperature changes; an increase in temperature...
Introduction A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence caused by errors in DNA copying during replication contact with ionizing radiation, mutagens, or viral infection. Cancer is a good example of a germline mutation that may be handed down from parents to offspring (Karamysheva et al., 2020). Somatic mutations...
DNA mutations modify a genetic code’s meaning, leading to many congenital and acquired malformations. These genetic aberrations are multifactorial, and their effects range from mild to fatal. This discussion post reviews sickle cell anemia, an autosomal recessive disorder that emanates from substitution mutations in the DNA. In this condition, the...
The brain is one of the most vulnerable parts of the human body under the influence of time. Age-related changes in the brain are a gradual decrease in mental performance due to violations of the structure of nerve cells, intercellular connections, and a decrease in the volume of gray matter....
One would ask whether New York (NY) is unique compared to other cities globally. It is renowned that people come to NY expecting a better future for themselves and their children. Staying indifferent to New York is quite challenging, and people usually get very distinct feelings. Buschs work Kickflipping New...
Dalton’s Atomic Theory (DAT) was a major contribution to the field of chemistry. DAT is based on five assumptions regarding the nature of the world’s smallest molecules. The first hypothesis of this theory suggests that all matter consists of atoms, invisible particles that cannot be observed due to their minuscule...
Introduction In this paper, the structures, systems, and organs of the skeletal and muscular systems and the digestive system will be discussed. This paper will review the main components of these systems and discuss how they aid the functioning of the human body. Additionally, for each system, two common diseases...
This paper will present a brief discussion of Catharanthus roseus and some of its benefits. Catharanthus roseus is a perennial plant that looks similar to a shrub that grows up to one meter tall. The plant species has a tap root system that reaches seventy centimeters deep (Rojas-Sandoval, 2019). The...
A cell is the smallest unit of an organism. Molecules within a cell move through the cell membrane by the use of diffusion. Diffusion refers to the process molecules move from a high concentration gradient to a place of the low concentration gradient across a semipermeable membrane(Burini & Chouhad, 2019)....
Convergent evolution is a situation whereby different unrelated species independently develop similar traits. In some biological cases, other organisms develop identical characteristics to solve a common problem presented by their habitat (Sackton & Clark, 2019). When two or more organisms portray similar traits not inherited from a shared ancestor, they...
The arbitrary distinction between fruits and vegetables can be seen when examining some products that are erroneously included in one or another category by consumers. Thus, for example, tomatoes technically belong to the former type while they are not referred to as such (Miller, 2018). From the scientific perspective, they...
Introduction The main objective of physiology is to observe, describe, and analyze the various processes that occur within biological organisms. Through these procedures, the field provide new knowledge in regard to the profound mechanisms of animal and human bodies. The data is applied across a range of adjacent disciplines, utilizing...
General Information Ambulocetus survived as a transitional form of cetaceans between terrestrial and aquatic species, so this creature was characterized by going out into shallow water searching for food. Ambulocetus’ appearance was similar to either dolphins or crocodiles, with anatomical structure indicating that the fossil form belonged to cetaceans. Ambulocetus...
Introduction When an acid and a base are reacted, a neutralization reaction occurs whereby a solution and a gas are formed. This experiment tests the effect of temperature, concentration, and surface area on the rate of reaction. Temperature is defined as the degree of hotness or coldness of a substance,...
One of the important aspects of marine biology is the study of how marine organisms exhibit a variety of physiologic adaptation that makes them suitable for the marine environment and particularly successful in a particular ecological niche within the overall marine environment. Phylum Porifera Phylum Porifera or Sponges are aquatic...
Vinegar is an industrial microorganism fermented product used for cooking purposes and various industrial processes such as making chutneys because of its mildly acidic nature (Singh, 2020). The input products are acetic acid (5%) and water mixed. Acetic acid bacteria are extracted from different sources, including the genus Acetobacter and...
The Lewis and Clark Expedition that took place in 1803-1806 was the first land expedition across the United States from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific and back. Although the original purpose of the expedition was rather modest – to investigate what the US acquired through the Louisiana purchase from...
Introduction Thua Thien Hue is one of the five provinces in the Pacific Ocean that borders Quang Tri, Da Nang, Quang Nam, and Laos it is located on the central coast of Vietnam, and Hue City is its capital. The city is 660 kilometers from Hanoi and 1080 kilometers from...
Introduction Urban sprawl refers to the loss of a land’s rural characteristics due to the geographic expansion of cities and towns or spatial footprint. Urban sprawling is caused by the need to accommodate an increasing urban population and fulfill residents’ desire for increased living space and residential amenities. The European...
Digestion of foodstuffs is a vital process for the organism’s proper functioning and an irreplaceable part of the metabolism. Metabolism, in turn, provides the bodies of living organisms with energy and valuable substances, which ensures activity and health. Digestion is a process that is designed to help the body absorb...
If I had an opportunity to be reborn as a person who lived in East Asia, I would choose China of the Qing Dynasty as the place of birth. Since boys have always been valued in traditional China, I would also choose the male sex for birth. This will allow...
The Central Asian area is focused on a region of relatively flat terrain surrounded on the east and south by mountain ranges and on the west by the Caspian Sea. Weather patterns, animal and plant species, and populations have all engaged and intermingled for millennia inside these loosely confined natural...
Introduction Epigenetics is the study of how gene expression takes place without changing the sequence of DNA. The epigenetics video is mind-opening about how our behavior can influence our health. The video sheds light on the possible differences in people with similar genetic makeup due to epigenetics. It helps individuals...
Introduction The absorbance of a substance can be measured by determinig the absorption spectra of the substance. A spectrometer can be used to measure the energy transition from the ground state of a substance to an excited state of the substance which is usually above 300KJmol-1(Bhowmik et al., 2018).The absorbance...
Abstract Several common plants and animals have shared chromosomes and are identified as diploid. Mendel’s principle of segregation states that in a heterozygote, one characteristic will hide the presence of another trait for the same feature. Rather than both alleles contributing to a phenotype, the dominant allele will be conveyed...
The human body is a complex and multilevel system whose components are combined into a coherent and balanced mechanism. The need for molecular oxygen defines the body as an open system, which needs the resources of the environment to maintain effective activity. More specifically, at the macro level, oxygen is...
American internal and external strategies allowed it to gain political power worldwide. The violent competition for establishing the new world order was particularly evident during the Cold War era. However, the lack of competitive forces in the 1990 and the 2000s resulted in creating an idea about taking responsibility for...
Online communication has become an inevitable component of social relationships and everyday interactions between members of society. It is a tool for helping prevent social relationships from diminishing over time. Thus, the interactions within the context of kinship have also been occurring online, with sociologists exploring the ways in which...
Introduction The analysis of documentary stories about individual geographic regions is often built on standard research patterns when milestones in history and key achievements are mentioned. The video Africa’s Great Civilizations: Cities directed by Mark Bates and presented by Henry Louis Gates Jr. cannot be included in the list of...
General Information One of the most famous birds in the world is the bald eagle, which is the national symbol of the United States. Although this bird is a modern animal living in the Quaternary Cenozoic, the bald eagle has many of the features of dinosaurs, so systems biology often...
Structure Fibrinogens are molecules that are usually found in the blood plasma. It is a 340-kDa glycoprotein composed of two sets of disulfide-bridged Alpha-, Beta-, and gamma-chains (Weisel & Litvinov, 2017). Fibrinogen is formed after FGA, FGB, and FGG links. These genes are clustered around the human chromosome 4, which...
Introduction The fundamental differences between the British common law system and Quebec’s civil law system are associated with the national, historical, political, psychological, and other characteristics of countries and peoples. Due to its natural and other features, each of these legal systems develops on its own. This development, along with...
A biological species is a group of living things that can replicate and produce fertile offspring in existence. Species are distinguished by their genetic variation from other clusters, which implies that living things in one species are impotent of replicating with living things in another. In this case, it is...
Introduction Physicochemical studies of key biological molecules are an essential part of laboratory practice to better understand their structure and identify possible patterns. The idea behind this work was to determine the viscosity of DNA molecules. It is well known that DNA is a long biopolymer consisting of four different...
Medieval Japanese Confucianism is a unique phenomenon, which spread across the whole nation. The main reason for its popularity in the country of the rising sun is the fact that Japanese neighbors such as China had been practicing Confucius’ teachings for centuries before it got to the island. Japan was...
In the article “Are Neanderthals Human” written on September 20, 2012, Carl Zimmer suggests that there were numerous various species of human in the past, including Neanderthals, which helps modern scientists determine the nature of other species. The author reveals the story of anthropologic discoveries and describes the ideas of...
The coloring of the iris that environs the minor black hole in the middle of the eye and pupil controls the amount of light entering the eye, controlling an individual’s eye color. The color of the iris differs from extremely pale blue to natural shady brown. The most common eye...
The shoot system of flowering plants consists of leaves, stems, and bud structures, as well as flowers and fruit. The root system has mechanical and conductive functions. The mechanical role of the roots is to create a stable position of the plant on the surface. The conductive function is responsible...
Numerous changes that continue in the environment take place over a long time. Sustainable agriculture provides a long-term impact on the agro-ecosystem. It aims to produce food in an environmentally friendly environment that prevents depletion of soil fertility or pest problems. This area uses a proactive approach as opposed to...
Introduction Phytoremediation is when green plants are used to treat and control hazardous chemicals and contaminants from groundwater and soil by uptaking the pollutants into the plant tissue or leaves. Examples of these contaminants are metal and metalloids, sludge, convectional wastes, and xenobiotic pollutants. The process is eco-friendly, which can...
Background Cellular respiratory is a set of processes and reactions that occur inside the cells of a living organism. They aim at converting chemical energy from oxygen molecules to energy that can be used by body tissues (Budin 1186). Additionally, these reactions convert nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The cellular...
Introduction The depth of studies increases alongside the technological progress of humanity. Genetics is one of the scientific fields that benefit greatly from these advancements, as many of its aspects rely on the analysis of massive data sets. However, when scientists began working with human DNA, it became apparent that...
Purpose of the Experiment The purpose of this experiment is to isolate two cultures. To isolate the two cultures, an isolation streak plate technique was used (Carolina Distance Learning 3). In a microbiology experiment, the isolation streak plate technique helps to isolate a pure culture from a mixed culture. The...
Agricultural developments were an essential step in technological progress for humanity that allowed people to sustain high population counts. However, due to the differences in availability of usable soil masses and their scale, West Africans and Medieval Europeans approached agricultural issues with entirely different solutions. This paper will examine how...
Human beings were trying to answer the simple from the first glimpse throughout the whole history, but enormously broad from the other perspective question: “What human nature is like?” The biggest problem with this question is that too many possible answers eliminate the one “right” answer. This is because of...
Evolution refers to the process that causes changes in allele occurrences in a population over a period. Conferring to Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution, the event takes place by natural selection (Ashraf & Sarfraz, 2016). Thus, evolution enables organisms to acquire characteristics that best suit their environment, increasing their chances...
General Description of Homo Floresiensis Homo Floresiensis is a primitive hominine species that has become an object of active scientific debates. H. Floresiensis was discovered in 2003 in Lang Bua (Indonesia) in the Late Pleistocene sediments (Sutikna et al., 2016). For a long time, the scientists have been discussing the...
Intelligence is the ability to reason, solve problems, make decisions and learn new concepts. Additionally, creativity and emotional knowledge constitute the intelligence levels of an individual. My IQ test result is 103, reflecting my intelligence levels since the test focuses on analytic and mental capabilities (Ruhl, 2020). Some ways of...
Materials and Methods GST Pull Down The protein-protein interaction experiment produced the 6*His-USP elution fraction that was carefully transferred into a microfuge labeled USP7D. The labeled microfuge was then stored on ice. GST and GST-EBNA 1 peptide columns, which were initially loaded in the freezer, were obtained and allowed to...
It is important to note that there are approximately 500 amino acids, but proteins in the human body are mostly comprised of 20 amino acids, which can be further categorized into three main groups. There are essential amino acids, nonessential amino acids, and conditional amino acids. The former group includes...
Capillaries are small blood vessels that help connect veins and arteries while also facilitating the exchange of different vital elements between tissues and blood. They represent core connections in the arterial system, which includes the blood vessels that carry blood in the direction away from the heart and toward the...
Introduction Traditional Chinese medicine has a fundamental and very different outlook on human health developed and supplemented for over two thousand years. While modern Western medicine is reactive, focusing on the treatment of disease, traditional Chinese medicine focuses on health to prevent disease. This work in its content describes the...
Introduction The American Robin is also known as Turdus migratorius is a medium-sized migratory songbird that belongs to the “thrush” genus. Its geographic spans the entire North American continent, but it commonly seen in northern Nearctic regions, particularly for breeding. It is carnivorous and highly adaptable. The bird is one...
Our project aimed to characterize Norway from its economy, politics, geography, social and cultural factors, business conduct, and an effective strategy for intercultural negotiations. Having analyzed geographical, government, and economic factors, we can conclude that the sea has historically been of great economic importance for the Norwegian country. It allowed...
This laboratory experiment demonstrated the method used to identify different bacterial shapes. The manual provides background information on the three most common bacterial shapes before providing manual guidelines for the examination and identification of respective bacterial shapes. It begins with extensive insight into bacteria and their unique characteristics. Bacteria are...
The results obtained in the experimental test with Mannitol salt agar (MSA), showed that there was microbial growth in the plates inoculated with staphylococcus aureus. However, the colonies of S. aureus were quite different in size and color components. Actually, the colonies of S. aureus were small in size, but...
Glycolysis is a biological term used to describe reactions that extract energy from glucose by dividing it into two three-carbon molecules named pyruvates. It is an old metabolic pathway found in most living organisms (Chandel, 2021). The term glycolysis is derived from the root of two words, namely glycol, which...
Introduction of Kenya Kenya has become an investment target for many foreign countries and investors, with China at the forefront. The Kenyan demographics’ profile as of 2013 was primarily affected by factors such as increased mortality rates due to HIV/AIDS. As a result, the country generally experiences low life expectancy,...
In the study of human evolution and psychology, a few definitions guide the discussion on evolutionary mismatch and its connection to psychology. The first definition relates to human behaviour as understood from the point of evolution. During the growth and development phases, human behaviour refers to the potential and embodied...
Stem cells potential application in medicine and medical research. Main points: Cells grown in the laboratory can be used to replace damaged tissues and organs or correct their improper work (Cafasso, 2017) Their study can also help in the research of genetic defects in cells and the development of cancer...
Human beings have been trying to decipher their origin and roots for centuries onwards. They easily observed that living things inherit traits from their parents, and used this finding for the cultivation of certain features in animals and plants. But the means of such heredity represented a mystery to people...
Objectives The report’s objective is to determine the capacity and the danger of mercury consumption by human beings. Introduction Mercury is a toxic heavy metal and is found in some parts of the environment. There are several artificial and natural mercury sources; however, the most significant ones are those which...
Binomial Nomenclature of Modern-day Chimpanzee In this paper, the organism of focus will be the Modern-day Chimpanzee. It is also referred to as chimp, robust chimpanzee, or common chimpanzee. Chimpanzees are of the species great apes native to the savannah and forests in Africa. There are four main subspecies: the...
Research on the stem cells is a more advancing knowledge concerning how an organism forms from a solitary cell and how strong cells restore the injured cells in adult organisms. Stem cells are the mainly mesmerizing areas of environmental science at the moment. Nevertheless, study on stem cells tends to...
Have you ever asked yourself about how life appeared on Earth? This question has always been at the center of attention. For many years, there have been debates about whether life was created by God, as described in the Bible, or if it has a more scientific explanation, according to...
The video concerns the connection between sleep, the brain, and waste disposal. The body’s biological system processes create the problem of waste disposal. A constant supply of nutrients is crucial for all body parts to function. The brain comprises only 2% of the body’s mass but consumes 25% of its...
Introduction Living cells undergo a process called transpiration, and produce byproducts that are harmful to the cell. One of the byproducts of cell metabolism is hydrogen peroxide. Excess hydrogen peroxide is toxic to living cell. Therefore, it must be disintegrated into less toxic substances so that it does not damage...
“Is wolves’ coming back to Colorado beneficial for citizens?” is the main research question for this project that has to be thoroughly discussed and analyzed. The history of gray wolves in this state can be traced back to the middle of the 19th century. A wolf was recognized as a...
Soil consolidation is a process by which there is a decline in the volume of soil due to a reduction in the level of water. The one-dimension theory was established hence changing the definition which was previously associated with clay sediments. Gurjar (2018) suggests that the applied pressure that causes...
Looting and smuggling of illegally obtained artifacts have become a major problem for various branches. In terms of archaeology, this tendency prevents experts from examining the items, hiding important findings from professionals. In addition, looting receives the attention of the world’s governmental services, as it is criminal activity related to...
Introduction Bacteria are minute single celled organisms that live around and inside our bodies.They are so small that scientists often use microscopes to view and study them and each bacterium is estimated to be a micrometer long in size (Bauman & Tizard, 2004). Bacteria just like any other living organism...
Short tandem repeat (STR) is a molecular biology tool mainly exploited in forensic science in order to determine certain locations known as loci present on the nuclear material, DNA. STR sites exhibit remarkable polymorphism which offers a reliable platform for forensic investigations to differentiate the DNA profiles from one individual...
Cretaceous period was the longest segment of Mesozoic era that lasted for almost 80 million years. Cretaceous period is the last section of the Mesozoic era. The first angiosperm and pollinating insects were noticed during this era, and the emerging of angiosperms and pollinating insects is intimately linked (Field et...
Abstract Animal and plant cells contain specialized components that perform specific functions necessary for cell growth and development. These components are known as organelles and vary in size, composition, and location. The nucleus is the central organelle that carries genetic material. In addition, it powers most of the cell’s activities...
Evolution explains the emergence of different species on earth and the respective functions of their structures. Lungs are among the organs highly studied by paleontologists to understand the divergence of organisms over time. Charles Darwin, the father of evolution believes that lungs evolved from gas bladders in lower vertebrates, precisely...
The article about the heart shows its representation, including the respective parts. The parts of the heart include the arteries and veins that take blood into and out of the heart. The article describes where the heart lies within the body system and how it functions within the body to...
Introduction The evolutionary relationship between organisms has been measured and monitored using DNA and proteins from these organisms. This is because, members of the same species have the larger fraction of their genes (DNA) and proteins being common. Genes and products of genes (proteins) can be considered as historical documents...
Introduction DNA cloning and sequencing is one of the most essential techniques in molecular biology. This involves the insertion of a fragment of DNA into a vector, for example, a plasmid in order to create a new recombinant molecule (Stark, 1987). The green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a protein that...
In group 8 and period 4 of the periodic table lies a chemical element by the name iron with 24 as its atomic number and Fe as its chemical symbol. It is classified under first transition series metals and is silvery in color with an atomic mass of 55.847.iron is...
Mutation versus polymorphism Although both mutations and polymorphism occur due to changes in DNA sequence, mutations are rare and lead to abnormal alleles. In other words, a mutation can best be understood and defined as a change in the DNA sequence that occurs in a small portion of the gene...
The collection of like cells that have an identical origin which carries out a definite function together is what I am. I can only exist if there is a cellular level organization that is intermediate between cells and an organism (Starr, Beverly 67). These cells have similar functioning even though...
Abstract All animals depend on their taste or smell senses, as functionality for locating and choosing food – whether the foods are animal, plant or other compounds. This function is made possible by chemoreceptors, which are located at the taste buds of the tongue, especially, for humans. Inquiries into the...
The Silurian period lasted from 443 to 417 million years ago. When the ice finally melted, ocean levels rose and the sea flooded vast areas of land, resulting in a milder climate. The Devonian Period (417 – 354 million years ago) was the time of the greatest cataclysms on the...
Background & Purpose Endomitosis is a variant of the cell cycle that leads to the production of up to a thousand copies of the genome. During this process, the cell does not divide but the chromosomes increase in size as the number of copies of genes increases. The purpose of...
Neurotransmitters are specialized cells that function to transfer information from one nerve, gland, or muscle cell to another. Across the membrane of the neuron cells, there is a difference in charge termed as the membrane potential. Neuro resting potential is the electrical potential difference of the membrane in a non-excited...
Abstract Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents is a growing challenge for the development of chemotherapeutic agents. E. coli is a Gram-negative bacteria that contain pathogenic strains that lead to various illnesses including infections of the respiratory system, urinary tract and gastrointestinal system. Previous studies have reported that small molecules are...
This article’s purpose is to evaluate possible harm and advantages of GM fish. At the beginning of this article, the author notices that the twentieth century’s green revolution may have been the most significant improvement in people’s lives (Muir, 2004). However, there was an enormous increase only in agriculture; as...
Comparison between tachyzoites and bradyzoites During the various stages of a lifecycle, a parasite goes through various cellular stages that are characterized by different morphology, behavior, function, and biochemistry. Tachyzoites and bradyzoites are stages in the lifecycle of T. gondii. In each of the stages, the parasite differs in shape,...
Introduction Post-translational modification is the process by which a protein (polypeptide) is modified chemically after it has gone through the third stage of protein biosynthesis. This third stage is referred to as translation. It is part of the whole process of gene expression. Basically, a protein is made up of...
Gas chromatography (GC) is a technique used to separate, identify and quantify analytes in a mixture. A gas chromatograph consists of an injector, column (packed or capillary), oven, and detector. The main manufacturers of gas chromatographs supply the following types of detectors: micro-electron capture detector (micro-ECD), flame ionization detector (FID),...
The nervous system of any human consists of two elements — central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS), with the brain and spinal cord being the two parts of CNS and nerves being a part of PNS. The primary function of these systems is to collect data from the body and generate...
Introduction Chlorine is element number 17 and is found in group 17 and period 3 of the periodic table. It is a greenish-yellow pungent, poisonous gas, and is very reactive. it has two isotopes; one with a mass number of 35 and an abundance of 75.75% and the other one...
Organic substances and compounds are chemical compounds that include carbon atoms. This includes proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids, and other compounds that are not found in inanimate nature. Different types of cells may consist of various amounts of organic compounds. For example, plant cells contain more carbohydrates, and animal cells...
Venezuela is located in the northern end of South America, with an area spanning approximately 354 thousand square miles. It has a 1,700-mile coastline bordering the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, administering a number of islands and archipelagos in those bodies of water. Venezuela is divided into three elevations...
Introduction Trichoderma Reesei is a mesophilic fungus which is usually known for its high ability to secrete cellulotytic enzymes (Hi138, 2006). It is majorly used in many industrial processes especially in the conversion of cellulose to glucose, large scale fermentation, down strain process engineering and the process of developing genetically...
The respiratory system comprises various structures and respiratory centers that facilitate effective respiration. Three of these structures are the nose, pharynx and larynx. The nose constitutes a visible external nose and an internal nasal cavity. The nose performs several crucial functions that condition the air before it enters the pharynx....
It is unimaginable what could be the situation at the present if the smallpox vaccine had not been discovered. One development that has been hailed to save mankind from a dreaded disease is the discovering of the vaccine. From the audio interview, Richard Preston author of “Demon in the Freezer”...
The birth of molecular genetics has been significant in furthering the knowledge concerning the cell’s coding of information. Assuredly, the cell is responsible for carrying out specific functions in the body. Inside the cell is the nucleus, which contains the deoxyribonucleic acid accountable for carrying out the transcription and replication...
Introduction The Triaclyglyceral compounds refer to the group of lipids found in plants and animals; that are easily metabolized to acetyl coenzyme as they are twisters of glycerol as the main constituent of compounds. In most cases, the basic structures of most prevalent triaclyglycerals are not complex; but are composed...
Introduction The stability of proteins determines the correlation between structure and function. Protein stability also plays a role in various properties such as aggregation, solubility, and protein-protein interactions. The stability of proteins is a necessary attribute in cells, as seen in various mechanisms such as unfolded-protein response machines, whose role...
Available literature demonstrates that malaria is a foremost public concern and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world’s most under-developed nations and some regions in developed nations (Ayele, Zewotir, & Mwambi, 2014). The occurrence of malaria, according to these authors, is related to deprived socioeconomic circumstances as...
In 1996, the successful cloning of a sheep stirred a tremendous debate around the ethics of this practice and its implications for the future of humankind. Indeed, once, cloning from a single adult somatic cell without sexual reproduction used to only exist in science fiction. Before 1996, not once had...
PLOS One is an international, interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed, open-access scientific journal that publishes scientific research and reviews in the natural and medical sciences. Yuan, M., Yin, W., Tao, Z., Tan, W., & Hu, Y. (2020). Association of radiologic findings with mortality of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China....
As before the creation of the first civilization and after its appearance, human beings always formed and united into groups and teams. In those days, it was a crucial principle of biological survival, and now it is a significant factor in the social and psychological life of the individual. Over...
A fruit is the fleshy and sweet part of a tree or any flowering plant that contains seeds. Some fruits are poisonous while some are edible. Plants usually disseminate seeds using fruits. There are different types of fruits and each has its distinctive taste. Some fruits are sweet; some are...
Introduction The giraffe’s long neck is a phenomenon that has perplexed researchers for a long time. It is also classified as the tallest mammal. The unique feature that distinguishes this animal from other animals is the long neck. People are not only perplexed by the way the giraffe is able...
Introduction Hypothyroidism is one of the most common deficiency disorders among canines although it can not be easily diagnosed. It was first diagnosed in canines (dogs) in the 1970s (Volhard, & Volhard, 2011). It is mainly caused by an impairment of the thyroid gland responsible for the production and secretion...
Introduction Gram staining is a highly crucial step in the process of identifying unknown strains of bacteria. It helps to differentiate between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as gives pertinent information on the size and shape of the bacterial cells. The next step in the identification criteria is based...
Introduction There are a number of reasons defining the importance of correct evaluation of various mutagenic reactions in chemical compounds. Although many similar tests were designed, at the moment, the Ames test remains to be the most efficient for distinguishing mutagenic activities. Unlike several other options of assessing a mutagenic...
Introduction Acromegaly is a medical complication characterized by excess secretion of a Growth Hormone. Growth in human beings is facilitated by this hormone. Acromegaly term is borrowed from Greek word akros– implying extremities and megas- meaning enlarged or big. The term was introduced by Pierre Marie, a neurologist from France...
Introduction Multifactorial traits refer to distinguishing human attributes that involve several factors or causes, especially about a condition or disease resulting from the interaction of many genes (Cummings, 2015). The environment contributes a lot to the development of human traits. Research has established that most traits exhibited by human beings...
The skin is the outer vertebrates guarding and protecting the underlying muscles, internal organs, ligaments, and bones. Different body locations have different skin layers which support diverse appendages and subsequent functioning. The hand skin aids in preventing the inner body against harm and regulating body temperatures. Therefore, the hand’s skin...
Introduction The process which describes the likelihood of the transfer of characteristics, or traits, which enables the survival and reproduction of an organism in generations to come; to be obtained easily in a population is referred to as natural selection. The difference in the genetic content of organisms is indicative...
Introduction Surfactants refer to chemical substances that lessen the surface tension in water. Lowering the surface tension of water makes it possible for dirt to dissolve in it. Therefore, washing is made easier by the inclusion of surfactants in the washing water. Surfactants can be categorized into four main groups...
Definition Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is an acute natural focal zoonotic viral infection characterized by febrile intoxication syndrome, phenomena of universal capillary toxicosis with a severe hemorrhagic syndrome, multiple organ lesions, and a high mortality rate. According to the antigenic properties of glycoproteins (GP), there are five types: Bundibugyo ebolavirus...
The term “tsunami” comes from the Japanese language and means “big wave in the bay”. It occurs during an earthquake in the sea or ocean when conditions are created for the formation of powerful waves in the water column. These waves diverge in all directions from the epicenter onto the...
Nature has made lots of molecule and enzyme substrates which are important in various reaction paths. Yeast alcohol dehydrogenase refers to a group of enzymes that are found in yeast and have a widespread application in the beer and wine industry where they facilitate the process of fermentation. Their basic...
Introduction All living beings form ecosystems with many internal and external connections; ecosystems are assembled into a single biosphere. This global system of life is in constant dynamic equilibrium. The colossal complexity of the biosphere compensates for any negative impact. However, sometimes ecosystems collapse, such a catastrophe can last from...
Introduction First of all, it should be stated that the classification of chemical reactions according to the pH scale defines the acidity of the included and resulting components. Originally, the pH scale was invented for measuring the acidity of the solutions, and the scale incorporates the acidity criteria elaborated by...
The Turtle Mound is an ancient archaeological place located 14 kilometers south of the New Smyrna Beach in Florida, United States. The mound is the biggest shell heaped on the United States mainland, which has an estimated altitude of fifteen meters. It extends for approximately180 meters along the Indian River...
Introduction A means of information has been collected by bio gerontologists pertaining to changes that occur during aging at various points of biological organization and development. As these aging matters extend to spread and are viewed normally, pathological modifications are being noticed among species. The table below consists of some...
The red blood cells (RBCs) are oxygen and carbon dioxide carrying cells found in the blood serum of vertebrate organisms (Starr, 143). They transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues, and carbon dioxide from the tissues to organs that get rid of them, such as lungs. The RBCs are...
Abstract Antibiotic resistance has become a public issue that is both costly and horrifying. The diverse studies undertaken have established this phenomenon is becoming hard to control due to what scientists define as mutation. Therefore, antibiotic resistance should be taken seriously. Also more appropriate measures should be put in place...
Introduction Nitroaromatic compounds are biodegradable compounds in which, the NO2 group is attached directly to the cyclic aromatic structures; that can easily explode once exposed to explosion inducing conditions. In this respect, QSAR analysis for nitroaromatic compounds is the process through which; the compounds undergo different mutagenic reactions resulting into...
The haloalkanes include saturated aliphatic compounds, in the molecules of which there is a halogen atom instead of one or more hydrogen atoms. In the class of haloalkanes, isomerism of the structure of the carbon skeleton is observed, such as normal and branched chains. This is due to the different...
An assessment otherwise termed as a specific way of identifying problems, strengths, and needs of a community is a means used by community developers to make decisions and set objectives. A community assessment also facilitates alignment of priorities and makes it easier to identify which course of action to take....
This article focuses on Genetically Modified Organisms as they are used to produce human food in the contemporary world. Genetically Modified Organisms are the ones whose genetic make-up has been changed or modified using genetic modifications to fit certain standards or requirements. Genetic modification is a common practice which is...
Metabolomics is the study of molecules whose molecular weight is very low and is located in the cells. Metabolites are found in different species of animals and help in extrapolation after research is done in the laboratory. There are different technologies used to measure metabolome, which include spectrometry of mass...
Introduction According to Skoog, Holler and Crouch (2007, p.23) chromatography refers to the process of separating constituents of different chemicals that are in a sample for purposes of detection or individual use. There are different types of chromatography techniques. For example, the gas chromatography commonly referred to as the GC...
Introduction Strawberries are a group of perennial plants which belong to the Rosaceae family. They thrive well in soil that has good drainage, is moderately acidic (pH range 5.0 to 6.0) and require plenty of sunshine grow. They are capable of viable fruit production for a period of up to...
Abstract One of the sources of dimethyl ether is methanol. This report analyzes the viability of manufacturing dimethyl ether from methanol by heating it and converting it to dimethyl ether and water. The report considers different costs of operation to calculate the profitability of a plant producing 100,000 tonnes annually....
Abstract This is a study to understand the effect of various hormones on the regulation of blood Glucose in sheep. The researcher has used hormones such as Glucagon, saline, Dexamethasone and Adrenaline in sheep. The result is given in the table and it is talked about in the discussion part...
The human body is a fantastic organism that continues to amaze scientists with the features of its device for many centuries. However, even the previously explored body parts are fraught with many amazing features. This essay aims to study the human’s muscle tissue both in general and at the molecular...
Definition Hydrates are inorganic and organic substances that contain water and are easily formed by less polarized molecules that would fit into a clathrate water cage. The water molecule is combined in a definite ratio as an essential part of the whole crystal constituting the substance. Abstract Natural gas hydrates...
The political economy of Brazil According to popular political scholars of the 19th century such as Karl Marx and Adam Smith, the political events of a country affect its economic performance. Consequently, a country could be wealthy in terms of natural resources but perform poorly due to bad governance. However,...
Introduction Gas chromatography (GC) is a technique used to separate volatile components of a complex mixture. The method employs a column made of a flow-through narrow tube in which a sample containing various chemical components passes in a gas stream. The gas stream in chromatography is referred to as a...
Due to excessive use in agriculture, organophosphorus (OP) pesticides are one of the most widely occurring pollutants in the environment. They inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and cause serious nerve problems in animals and humans, particularly affecting the nerve-muscle junction. Sensitive OP detection and monitoring of degradation are the two challenges...
Introduction Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a versatile and critical reaction in molecular biology. The reaction is a landmark in molecular biology because it has made it possible for scientists to study minute quantities of DNA material. PCR involves the amplification of minute quantities of DNA into large quantities for...
There has been a hot debate on factors that influence a person’s personality. According to Salles (2017), some experts believe that genetics plays an indispensable role in facilitating inherent-acquired behaviors, while others claim the environment contributes significantly to shaping an individual’s personality. The debate raises the question of the rationality...
Most Surprising Historical Account on Birth Practice The author of this book has presented the historical accounts of birth in such a way that it is not easy to single out the most surprising practice. Almost all the practices are surprising for the reader, as it is hard to believe...
Introduction Papaine is normally used in separating racemic mixtures with benzoylamino acids. Alternatively the separation can be done using derivatives of amino acids like valine and alanine. The product that is derived after the separation crystallizes with ease. Palarimetry is often used to test whether the resolution has completed successfully....
In the current world, significant theoretical shift in the link between scientific exploration and ethics has taken place. The time difference between ethical consideration and parallel scientific inventions is slowly vanishing. This simply means that ethics has set up its own cadence. This change has been unfalteringly led to the...
Introduction The human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) is a member of the heterodimeric glycoproteins hormones family which also includes the human follicle-stimulating hormone, the luteinizing hormone (LH), and the human thyroid-stimulating hormone (Dimiri and Kayisli 5). The subunit found in these hormones is identical but the b subunit varies from one...
Streptomyces Bacteria: Overview Belonging to the actinomycete family (Aigle & Corre 2012), streptomyces bacteria have a very peculiar morphology (Jani et al. 2015). Among the key species that comprise the streptomyces bacteria population, Streptomyces coelicolor, Streptomyces ambofaciens (Laureti et al. 2011), Streptomyces lividans, Streptomyces albicans, Streptomyces griseus and Streptomyces plicatosporus...
Human genome refers to the information contained in human genes. The information is stored in DNA sequences within cell nuclei and mitochondria (Michal & Schomburg 2013; Veltman & Brunner 2012). Human diploid genomes are found in body cells that are not involved in sexual reproduction while human haploid genomes are...
Introduction England is one of the most visiting countries on the globe, attracting tourists by historical heritage and traditions, picturesque lands, and the latest achievements in all fields of human activity. However, no matter how much time travelers may spend in England, it will still not be enough to comprehend...
Halophiles usually thrive in salty environments and they are categorized according to the extent of their tolerance for highly saline environments, ranging from slight, moderate and extreme. Their adaptability to these highly saline environments, which have limited habitation by life forms, has drawn the interest of scientists who seek to...
Introduction Cancer is one of the main causes of death in most parts of the world, especially in the Western World. It is the second killer in the USA and in a number of European counties after cardiovascular diseases. Cancer is an abnormal growth of cells that results from changes...
The following is a review of the article on the hydrogen-bonding complexes of 5-Azauracil and uracil derivatives. The article discusses the strong complexes formed when the derivatives of Uracil bond with complementary compounds such as 2, 4-dioxotriazine and adenine. They explore why the strong bonds are formed between these compounds...
The reproductive system is formed by organs in an organism. These organs function together for the reason of reproduction. It is found in both sexual and asexual organisms. The reproductive system of human beings is similar to that of many animals. A male and female come together during sex and...
