1324 samples of this type
My favorite taxon is rhinoceros. Modern rhinos, represented by a one-horned Indian rhinoceros with a pointed upper lip and a two-horned African rhino with a wide rectangular mouth, are pitiful remnants of a rich in species group of mammals. Many skeletons, bones, and teeth left from their predecessors in the...
The eight videos on the site depict the process of human reproduction and the scientific principles governing the reproductive process (www.pbs.org). The videos are placed in a sequential manner; one following the other with a total viewing time of one hour during which the birth of a new baby and...
Introduction Background information An accurate assessment of the concentration of dyes in food and beverages forms an integral aspect of consumer safety. Mutagenic effects stemming from high levels of concentration lead to cancer development. The determination of the concentration of dyes through spectrophotometric analysis provides an accurate method. Objective The...
Species egalitarianism is a core theme of the article written by Schmidtz for the Journal of Applied Philosophy. This doctrine discovers the idea that all species should be equal and have moral standing, meaning to command respect (Schmidtz, 1998). To explain the worth of his position in the modern world,...
The argument that geography no longer matters in the 21st century does not hold. Despite the communication, trade, and infrastructural barriers that globalization has broken, the world cannot get to a position where humans can regard geography as irrelevant. Even with the proliferation of globalization, global problems such as climate...
Executive Summary Kenya is a developing country located in the eastern part of Africa. It has a thriving economy and serves as the major communications and logistics hub in East Africa. It borders with Uganda, Tanzania, Somalia, South Sudan, and Ethiopia. According to government statistics released in 2016, Kenya has...
Introduction This paper examines the concept of global warming with a focal point on car emissions. It is expected to aid policy makers in national governments, automobile manufacturers, fuel industry CEOs, and city planners. This paper is meant to ensure that authorities across the world, industries and members of the...
Introduction The bottled water industry cannot be stopped today because of the great awareness of people about drinking only bottled water so that they will not be ill. Another reason for the rise of the use of bottled water is because of the convenience that it offers in terms of...
Introduction Religious and cultural customs of ancient civilizations can be enigmatic or even terrifying to modern people. The Aztecs, an indigenous nation that ruled in Mesoamerica until the Spanish conquest in the early 16th century, are a prime example of how attitudes and values change over time. Through war and...
Introduction The Guadeloupe archipelago is known to have been populated by the indigenous peoples of the Americas as early as about 3000 BC. Guadeloupe is an insular region of France and, consequently, part of the European Union (van den Bel 2022). Guadeloupe is part of the Leeward Islands of the...
Introduction Marfan syndrome is an inherited connective tissue disease characterized by pathological changes in the heart, blood vessels, musculoskeletal system, and eyes (von Kodolitsch et al., 2019). Often, the external symptoms of Marfan’s syndrome appear in the first days after the birth of a child and only intensify in the...
Introduction It is essential to evaluate what occurs during a reaction on the molecular level to understand the kinetics of chemical reactions and the factors affecting them. Based on the collision theory of reactivity, reactions happen when reactant molecules collide effectively (Felder et al., 2020). However, for this collision to...
Summary This article discusses some of the essential ideas about camouflage in the wild, an important component of the evolutionary process. There are three main functions disguise plays in nature: worsening detention, imposing difficulties for identification, and redirection of attack. Detection means that camouflage makes it hard for predators to...
Genetic cloning is a biotechnological manipulation whose result is to create a genome-identical clone for a given species. Cloning any species, from E. coli to humans, is a matter of time and technical sophistication, so it is highly likely that after the relatively successful experiments to create a somatic clone...
General Information During the Eocene, there lived Dorudon, which are the fossil ancestors of modern whales. Dorudon were similar to whales in appearance, but their anatomical structure showed a sharper, more unsoftened skeleton shape. Their primary diet consisted of small fish and mollusks, and Dorudon lived only in warm marine...
Abstract Having a strong sense of self-identity is critical to coping and adapting through transitional periods in a person’s life. Any life change, such as relocating to a new house, starting a new school, and even coping with the loss of a relative, may influence how a person copes with...
The brain is the most vital component of the human body. It directs and organizes actions and responses, helps think and feel, and provides human experiences such as memories and emotions. This research paper consists of three parts that highlight the three-dimensional sagittal view model of the brain, the structure...
General Information Tyrannosaurus rex is one of the best-known forms of fossil reptile theropods that existed at the end of the Cretaceous period. First of all, it should be emphasized that Tyrannosaurus rex is a collective name for an entire genus of four-legged reptiles, so this summary will discuss the...
The Central Dogma The central dogma is a principle describing the transfer of molecular information in the Nucleus of the DNA. It gives detailed instructions on the processes involved in the conversion of DNA information into a final functional product, the protein. The central dogma was proposed by Francis Crick...
Carbohydrates exist in both simple and complex forms. Some of the simple types of the macromolecule are monomers referred to as monosaccharides. These monomers include fructose, galactose, and glucose. Combinations of two of these monomers create a new class of carbohydrates known as disaccharides, which include lactose, sucrose, and maltose....
Sharks are marine animals of the class Cartilaginous fish. Species of this class are known to have a cartilaginous skeleton, gills without an operculum, no swimming bladder, and placoid scales. The class includes many different species, including the White shark, Tiger shark, and smaller catsharks, constituting over 400 species around...
Historical Background The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is the original home of Islam and the Arab people and occupies a large part of the Arabian Peninsula (Vassiliev, 2013). Saudi Arabian citizens mostly support the Arab and Muslim cultures that connect them with millions of people in different parts of the...
Introduction Biodiesel and soap are made through transesterification and saponification. Saponification is the process of reacting a triglyceride with an aqueous hydroxide ion to form glycerol and fatty acid salts (Weldegirma). It is used to manufacture soap. Biodiesel is a renewable alternative to diesel fuel produced from biological sources, including...
Introduction Liquid chromatography (LC) and mass spectrometry (MS) were developed as an alternative way of testing other than GC/MS which was used to do tests of nonvolatile liquids. GC/MS is gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Tsuchihashi 2005). LC/MS is used in forensic testing and clinical toxicology. When correct phases of either mobile...
Introduction The giraffe’s long neck is a phenomenon that has perplexed researchers for a long time. It is also classified as the tallest mammal. The unique feature that distinguishes this animal from other animals is the long neck. People are not only perplexed by the way the giraffe is able...
Due to excessive use in agriculture, organophosphorus (OP) pesticides are one of the most widely occurring pollutants in the environment. They inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and cause serious nerve problems in animals and humans, particularly affecting the nerve-muscle junction. Sensitive OP detection and monitoring of degradation are the two challenges...
Abstract This paper sought to identify the fermenting properties of yeast cells. Yeast can be identified as a tiny plant-like microorganism (Cox 122). The main purpose of yeast is to “serve as a catalyst in the process of fermentation, which is essential in the making of bread” (Nieman 570, par....
Introduction The aim of this experiment was to prepare a stereoisomeric mixture of secondary alcohols from the reaction of cis and trans 2, 6-dimethylcyclohexanone with sodium borohydride. 2, 6-dimethylcyclohexanone is a mixture of cis and trans isomers each containing a ketone functional group. The cis:trans ratio of 2,6-dimethylcyclohexanone used in...
Anthropology is the systematic and scientific study of humanity, which encompasses a wide range of fields. Its interests can span from mere human biology to human culture and societies. Anthropologists also study linguistics and ethnography with the main focus on humans. It is a highly important and essential field, which...
Introduction Turkey, as it stands today, was founded in 1923 from the remnants of Anatolia after the downfall of the Ottoman Empire. Mustafa Kemal under whom the country went through a series of legal, judicial, social, and political and economic changes led the country. The country faced military coups in...
Introduction The term blindness is used somewhat misleading in the designation of certain visual conditions in which visual acuity is not significantly reduces. Color Blindness, for example, does not involve a reduction of “visual sharpness and should more accurately be called a color-perception deficiency. Color blindness occurs almost exclusively in...
Introduction The origin of modern species has been the subject of study by many scientists, and it involves contrasting worldviews of creationism and evolution. Most people are adept with the primary arguments that Charles Darwin proposed in his famous book, On the Origin of Species, especially the proposition that the...
The issue of ethnic minorities seems to have played a significant role in the history of the Turkish Republic. Amy Mills characterizes the Turkish nation as ethnically Turkish and religiously Muslim while mentioning many minorities that play a significant role in defining the identity of Turkey. According to Mills, even...
The Aim of the Experiment This paper presents an experiment that was conducted to determine the activity of amylase on starch at various pH levels. The main aim of this experiment was to determine the optimum pH level for action of enzyme amylase on starch. Introduction An enzyme is a...
Introduction Photosynthesis is fundamental to the energy flow process in living organisms. “Plants are the primary producers and they make use of sunlight to produce sugars for energy production.” (Govindjee, 1997, p. 45) Excess nutrients are stored and the plants are eaten up by herbivores and omnivores which rely on...
The map of a country is among the most fundamental of a nation’s security policy. Geography is a very decisive factor in the determination of a nation’s defensive foreign policy. The geographical situation of a country is well on the way of determining whether a country is defensible or not...
Abstract All life on earth is made of a fundamental structure called a Cell. They can be of two types of organisms: Unicellular and Multicellular. Unicellular are made of a single cell (Uni – one, in latin) cell and Multicellular organisms are made of many cells (Multi – many). Cell...
Introduction Anthropologists have demonstrated that all human cultures embrace a system of beliefs relating to the maintenance of health and illness causation, and concomitant therapeutic and preventive practices relating to these beliefs. In fact, most cultures have numerous and diverse therapeutic options. In this medical plurality, which option or options...
Abstract The knowledge of physiochemical properties of binary mixtures of solvents is of great importance for learning intermolecular interactions. The aim of the research was to investigate the hypothesis that the activation energy of a substance depends on intermolecular forces that arise in this substance. To test this hypothesis, activation...
Abstract Osmosis helps cells to perform transport and separation functions and is a basic natural process. Any cell is surrounded by a membrane that transmits the molecules of oxygen, water, and nutrients. The inside of an eggshell is also a membrane through which oxygen passes, but unnecessary substances do not...
Abstract Plants regularly require a variety of minerals and nutrients that are available in the soil for healthy growth and development. Any form of deficiency in one of the required elements often comes with a deterioration of the plant’s general condition. In this lab experiment, tomatoes were nurtured in diverse...
The UV-Spectrophotometer This lab instrument is used in the analysis of compounds based on their absorbance in the UV (200-400 nm) and visible (400-800nm) spectra. Its history dates the back to early 1800s when the diffraction grating was invented, enabling researchers to separate a light beam into its wavelengths. The...
Introduction Human genes are widely discussed nowadays, as scientists are willing to understand how they are connected with people’s health conditions. Epigenetics is one of those studies that focus on alterations in gene expression. In particular, it discusses those heritable changes that do not influence human DNA. Denoting alterations in...
Introduction While the human race takes great pride in the progressive nature of each subsequent civilization, there exist aspects from past civilizations that are hailed as marvels in the civilization process (Harris 2001). While some of this aspects gain their prominence primarily due to their impact on cultural and social...
Introduction Dogs need to have good hygienic care. The dog owner can learn how to groom his or her dog (Miller, n.d.). There are professional groomers whose sole responsibility in life is to groom dogs at a fee. Some of the tools that one needs for grooming are the curry...
Background and Theory The experiment focuses on the regio- and stereospecific synthesis of a cholesterol-epoxide using meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (MCPBA) as the oxidizing agent. MCPBA is a peracid that provides a controlled and specific supply of an oxygen atom for the epoxidation process, ensuring good control over the reaction’s stereochemistry (Ryan...
Theoretical Background The use of instrumental chemical methods allows for reliable and accurate analysis of samples, regardless of the application or purpose of such analysis. In the present work, Trimyristin, the main constituent of nutmeg, was extracted and analyzed. Trimyristin is a triglyceride of myristic acid and saturated fat without...
Introduction PH (hydrogen potential indicator) is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. This parameter indicates the solution’s hydrogen ions (H+) concentration. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with a value of 7 being considered neutral (Surat, 2020). A value less than 7 indicates acidity,...
Introduction The Dominican Republic and Haiti share the western coast of the island of Hispaniola, home to a tiny Caribbean country called Haiti. A severe earthquake that year left the nation in ruins on a large scale. The Haitian people have persevered in the face of these difficulties and are...
Introduction Thanks to agricultural education, humans have mastered the art of domestication. In agriculture, five production factors are vital within the domestication process (Wiseman et al., 2021). Therefore, this study focuses on Cocrico, the red-tailed Chachalaca referred to as the Tobago Pheasant and is greatly revered for being in Trinidad...
Indigenous population statistics The population of Guatemala is very diverse and includes various nationalities. Speaking of the indigenous people, they are in the minority. To be more precise, 53.3% of the population of Guatemala are Hispanic Guatemalans, including 39.3% Ladino mestizos and 14.0% white Creoles (Hernández et al., 2019). This...
Introduction Painted Ladies, scientifically known as Vanessa cardui, are among the butterfly species with the greatest geographic distribution. These insects can be observed on most continents, excluding the Arctica continent. The Painted Lady has a broad range to encompass all of North America, from Alaska to Panama, and has been...
Introduction The improved conditions of life have recently led to a higher rate of population growth. The development of industries, agriculture, and transportation allowed people to live longer and provide support for their families. Currently, human population growth is about 1% annually, while the global population increased from 1 billion...
The majority of the decline of the otter civet is connected to habitat destruction, the use of forests for oil palm, and the degradation of river habitats with pollution. The loss of trees impacts the ability of otter civets to find stable living locations and influences their population decline (WCS...
There are over a hundred different chemical elements in nature, exhibiting not only different physical but also chemical properties. Under normal conditions, some atoms are gases while others are solids; some exhibit an acidic environment in aqueous solutions while others have a low pH. However, the Periodic Table allows us...
Microorganism control is critical for preventing disease transmission and infection, stopping deterioration and spoilage, and avoiding undesirable microbial contamination. There are numerous methods employed in countering the growth of microorganisms today. The techniques are divided into two categories: physical control and chemical control. Osmotic pressure, radiation, desiccation, high or low...
Sakurajima is a volcano that is in southern Kyushu in Japan. It is one of the most active volcanoes on the planet and also one of the volcanoes that have constant activity. The place where it is located has been very active during the past few centuries and is called...
Evolution is a consolidating factor in biology supported by pieces of evidence from unique areas of biology. The areas of biology to be studied for evolution pieces of evidence include anatomy, biogeography, molecular biology, and fossils (Festa-Bianchet & Mysterud, 2018). Over time, evolution changes the genetic composition of species. The...
Organisms grow and reproduce as a result of cell division. Eukaryotic cells are cells that have a nucleus enclosed within the nuclear envelope. The production of new cells in eukaryotic cells happens because of mitosis and meiosis (MacGregor, Adams, & Gilbert, 2019). The two processes involved the division of a...
Denaturation is the process of breaking down the secondary and tertiary structures of a protein by external factors such as temperature. As a result of denaturation, the complex spatial structure of the polymer is broken down to the primary chain of amino acids. Denaturation can be reversible when after returning...
Cognitive Revolution refers to the period (70,000 years ago) when Homo sapiens developed cognitive abilities that surpassed other animals during that era. The cognitive mutation enabled them to acquire better linguistic skills, making it possible to ingest, store and share information about the surrounding environment (Harari, 2015). The change in...
Introduction Physicochemical studies of key biological molecules are an essential part of laboratory practice to better understand their structure and identify possible patterns. The idea behind this work was to determine the viscosity of DNA molecules. It is well known that DNA is a long biopolymer consisting of four different...
Introduction An identification process of protein that is accurate is required to be able to produce quantitative proteomics; this process is mostly carried out by searching automated softwares, they track the sequence of the database which contains mass spectra tandem of peptides, if these peptides do not have enough data,...
Evolution refers to the process that causes changes in allele occurrences in a population over a period. Conferring to Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution, the event takes place by natural selection (Ashraf & Sarfraz, 2016). Thus, evolution enables organisms to acquire characteristics that best suit their environment, increasing their chances...
Introduction According to [1], carbon nanotubes belong to a carbon molecular family that is different from that of graphite and diamond referred to as fullerene. These structures, cylindrical in shape, formed by the carbon atoms fall into two major categories. The categories are single-walled nanotubes and the other category is...
Short tandem repeat (STR) is a molecular biology tool mainly exploited in forensic science in order to determine certain locations known as loci present on the nuclear material, DNA. STR sites exhibit remarkable polymorphism which offers a reliable platform for forensic investigations to differentiate the DNA profiles from one individual...
Abstract Animal and plant cells contain specialized components that perform specific functions necessary for cell growth and development. These components are known as organelles and vary in size, composition, and location. The nucleus is the central organelle that carries genetic material. In addition, it powers most of the cell’s activities...
The Aim of the Experiment This paper presents an experiment that was conducted to determine the activity of reaction of period three elements with Oxygen, Chlorine the reactions of the third row Chlorides and Oxides. The main aim of this experiment was to determine the optimum pH level. Introduction List...
The red blood cells (RBCs) are oxygen and carbon dioxide carrying cells found in the blood serum of vertebrate organisms (Starr, 143). They transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues, and carbon dioxide from the tissues to organs that get rid of them, such as lungs. The RBCs are...
Introduction Billions of years ago, when the dense speck expanded, the matter and antimatter should have disappeared and left nothing but energy. Still, some amount of matter remained and filled the world with numerous particles (Sundermier, 2015). Those particles circulating through the dark matter across the universe might pass through...
Introduction Stem cell research is a controversial field full of ethical concerns. Humans desire to live long and healthy lives and one way to do so is to regain the functions of organs or to regenerate organs (Okka, 2015). Stem cell research is the field of medicine that promises such...
Snakes are a widespread species that can be found in almost every part of the planet. While many people find them dangerous and even have phobias associated with snakes, they are interesting animals worthy of researchers’ attention. Due to the snakes’ inaccurate portrayal in media and culture, the general population...
Skull – consists of cranial and facial bones Cranial bones – these contribute to the cranium, which encloses & protects the brain; note they are separated by jagged boundaries called sutures; there are 8 cranial bones (note there is a right & left parietal and a right & left temporal;...
Introduction Background According to BCS (1996) interpretation of catalysis reactions can be carried out using transition state theory. The process of converting reactants into products involves formation of intermediate products that dissociate to form final products. in a non-directed reaction, a side reaction can result leading into formation of side...
Introduction Biological systems contain a wide range of fatty acids in cell membranes and stored fat. In particular, the cell membrane of microbial organisms consists of a bilayer of glycerophospholipids in which the fatty acids are esterified to glycerol (Carlsson 1973, p.288). Microbial fatty acids are unique from one species...
Chlorophyll is the molecule found in green plants that absorbs sunlight necessary for the process of photosynthesis for the sustenance of plant lives. Situated in the chloroplasts of green plants, it is what constitutes the green color of green plants. When light falls on plants, chlorophyll pigments take in blue...
The course of human anatomy begins with the definition of the body’s organs and systems that have various functions. All these systems are essential, but some organs are called vital, while others are not vital. This paper aims to name and discuss the purposes of the key vital organs, describe...
Introduction Even in the age of information and scientific developments, the theory of evolution continues to separate people. This theory supports religious separation by disproving the concept of intelligent design, according to which the complexity of living organisms on the planet makes life unexplainable and suggests the presence of an...
Introduction According to both written and archaeological evidence, plants have been a reliable source of medicine for human beings over a span of many thousand years. The first medicinal plants were probably discovered accidentally when a person tried the edibility of a plant and in the process discovered that it...
A hunter-gatherer society can be defined as one whose primary means of survival involves the direct gathering of plants like wild fruits and vegetables to the hunting of animals in the wild with no intention of domesticating them. (Barnard, 2004, p 23)From the basic definition given above, it is quite...
Introduction The Pan group of non human primates resembles the human beings the most. They are the chimpanzees of the Pan Troglodytes and the bonobo ape of the Pan Paniscus. Their sociosexual behaviors resemble hominoids. Their lives in the wild gave them special characteristics which were modified when they moved...
The research focuses on part one of Omnivore’s Dilemma, Industrial Corn. The book is written by Michael Pollan. The review focuses on Chapters 1 (The Plant: Corn’s Conquest to Chapter 3 (The Elevator) of part 1(Industrial Corn) of The Omnivore’s Dilemma. The Industrial Corn comprises Chapters 1 (The Plant: Corn’s...
Introduction Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are important biomolecules in maintaining the health of living organisms. Therefore, they are known as essential fatty acids. However, animals cannot produce PUFAs because they lack some of the enzymes required for their biosynthesis. As a result, there is an increased interest in PUFA production...
Introduction Stem cell research is one of the most controversial issues in the fields of medicine and religion. The controversy involves the ethics of the use, development, and destruction of human embryos for purposes of scientific research. In particular, it focuses on the use of embryonic stem cells in research....
Abstract Cocoa is a necessary cash crop both for producing and consuming countries (Bales, 2004). The cocoa beans go through a rigorous and delicate process. Some of the challenges that farmers face in cocoa production include the weather patterns, insects and a number of diseases. Cocoa production is not an...
Primates are the group of mammals. This group consists of such animals as monkeys, lemurs, and apes. Humans are primates too. What is more, humans are the most recent category of primates. Although humans live all across the globe except Antarctica, the majority of primates inhabit tropical and subtropical areas....
The Hopi culture is unprecedented in their understanding of the archaeological sites and their cultural implications. The unique blend of geographic landmarks with their symbolic significance and ancestral ties coupled with the unusual non-linear perception of time is the reason their culture has enjoyed special attention from the scholars. The...
Introduction Unfortunately, humans often aim to improve their living conditions by hunting animals for various purposes, which frequently leads to some species’ partial or complete extinction. One such example is the black rhinoceros, as quite a few representatives of this species are left. The black rhino was selected for this...
Abstract Wisconsin fast plant is one of the most unpretentious plants that can be utilized to carry out detailed experiments regarding seed growth trends. The current research project investigated the problem, with the primary research hypothesis being that the number of seeds is directly related to the speed and quality...
Introduction Nearly 42 million acres of irrigated agriculture in the United States are at risk from salt buildup, which either already exists or could do so. It will be necessary to irrigate much of the undeveloped land in the world, which is located in arid and semiarid areas. Right now,...
Introduction This experiment aims to determine the ability of microbes to ferment carbohydrates (glucose) with the production of an acid and/or gas. The researcher’s goal is to determine whether bacteria can ferment a specific carbohydrate by using the carbohydrate fermentation test. Various microbial groups or species can be distinguished from...
The term geospatial technology encompasses a variety of tools utilized for gathering, analyzing, interpreting, and visualizing Earth and the location of objects on it. Throughout history, cartography and mapmaking were crucial parts of human civilizations that allowed exploration and creation of new settlements. Thus, the earliest maps edged on stones...
An ocean can be one of the most fascinating creations ever. It can be terrifying to see such a vast water collection. But it can also be exciting to imagine such a habitat for millions of species. The rolling waves, the breeze, and the sand under one’s feet on ocean...
Introduction The cell is one of the most important topics that form the basic pillars of microbiology. The latter involves the scientific study of the functions and properties of all living organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye (Zeng, 2022). Archaea, bacteria, viruses, fungi, phages,...
Introduction Golden deserts sway in the Iranian steppe under the hot heat. The craggy boulders strewn throughout this terrain glisten in the distance when temperatures here exceed 70°C (158°F), which is a temperature record. Nevertheless, wildlife thrives, notwithstanding this arid environment. Surprisingly, the Asiatic cheetah is this ecosystem’s top predator....
Orangutangs The first species selected for observation are orangutangs in the San Diego Zoo. There are three species of the genus Pongo: Sumatran orangutan, Bornean orangutan, and Tapanuli orangutan (“Orangutan,” n.d.). Orangutangs, also known as red apes, live in the forests of the Southeast Asian islands (“Orangutan,” n.d.). These great...
Despite the rapid development of technology and society, some countries lag behind others in some aspects. Therefore, the comparison of States is of particular importance. This work examines the similarities and differences between countries such as Singapore and the United States of America. This process is necessary to identify those...
Abstract Molecular analysis for studying the spatial configuration and properties of proteins has applications in modern biotechnology. In the present work, the enzyme pectate lyase (Pel1), obtained in the early stages using the transformation of recombinant plasmids into a bacterial culture of E. coli BL21(DE3), is studied in this way....
At the end of the 19th century, disputes continued about the parts of which atoms consisted. Scientific minds have tried to determine whether atoms are the smallest material particle or if there are even smaller elements. An English physicist, J. J. Thomson, was an academic who made one of the...
Introduction Many of the biochemical reactions are carried out strictly in the presence of enzymes, special biological catalysts that help to accelerate and initiate chemical reactions. The essence of enzymatic reactions is based on a unique combination of substrate and enzyme, the relationship between which is individual for each pair...
Phototrophs Organisms are usually classified based on their nutritional need, and according to this criterion, there are two distinct groups, the phototrophs and the chemotrophs. Phototrophs rely on energy from the sun to manufacture their food in the form of ATP (Parker et al., 2017). The sunlight oxidizes organic molecules...
Testes and ovaries – both testes and ovaries are called gonads, which are the primary reproductive organs. They produce gametes, where the testes in male and ovaries in female produce sperms and ova respectively. Rete testis and rete ovarii – these reproductive organs are homologues where the rete ovarii is...
Background The United States may be regarded as the world’s largest economy with the following main indicators that remain impressive even affected by the COVID-19 pandemic: Key Indicators 2021 GDP (billions USD) 22,939.58 GDP (Constant Prices, Annual % Change) 6.0 GDP per Capita (USD) 69,375 General Government Balance (in %...
Attention refers to the process through which the human brain selects specific information for further processing. Human beings have attention to help them focus on specific details and then create a memory. Through attention, one can extract information from the environment and send the required body response (Banich and Compton,...
General Information One of the first mammals of the Mesozoic era was Hadrocodium, whose external structure may remind modern rodents of the rat, squirrel, or weasel type. Fossils of this animal were found in Early China; it is thought that Hadrocodium lived about 195-200 million years ago. Literally, the Latin...
A cell is the smallest unit of an organism. Molecules within a cell move through the cell membrane by the use of diffusion. Diffusion refers to the process molecules move from a high concentration gradient to a place of the low concentration gradient across a semipermeable membrane(Burini & Chouhad, 2019)....
Introduction Microbiological examination of samples is a qualitative tool for their identification. Moreover, with the help of developed methods of laboratory analysis, it becomes possible not only to determine the belonging of a microorganism to a particular taxon but also to establish the strain identification of the sample in the...
The life of the Nacirema is rich in many rituals that shape the community and underline the role of magic. Three dominant concerns, namely the human body, the appearance, and human health, are usually mentioned in ceremonial activities. For example, the mouth fascination ritual proves the importance of the mouth’s...
Dimethyl Ether (DME) is made by converting hydrocarbons which are first converted to methanol and then to DME (Molar 13). It can be made from other sources such as wood byproducts, household and crop waste, or from algae biomass. It’ chemical formula is CH3OCH3 and is considered a more clean...
Abstract Antibiotic resistance has become a public issue that is both costly and horrifying. The diverse studies undertaken have established this phenomenon is becoming hard to control due to what scientists define as mutation. Therefore, antibiotic resistance should be taken seriously. Also more appropriate measures should be put in place...
Abstract Nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia due to hexokinase deficiency is a hereditary disorder marked by the annihilation of red blood cells. The disease occurs as a consequence of a deficiency in hexokinase that is specific to the erythrocytes. An inadequate amount of hexokinase in the red blood cells occurs because of...
Introduction Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a versatile and critical reaction in molecular biology. The reaction is a landmark in molecular biology because it has made it possible for scientists to study minute quantities of DNA material. PCR involves the amplification of minute quantities of DNA into large quantities for...
Background Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is an analytical method that employs two distinct yet depended techniques. Infrared spectroscopy entails use of the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum in identification and study of matter. A mathematically derived algorithm called the Fourier Transform is then used to convert the raw data...
Introduction The main aim of this paper is to address the rare subject that entails the inclusion of the Oman culture in English literature. Oman is one of the most conducive places to visit in the United Arab Emirates. The region has a rich history, culture and background. In addition,...
Introduction Combinatorial chemistry is a new technique found by scientists mainly for the process of discovering drugs. It is a technology for carrying out simultaneous synthesis as well as testing of hundreds and thousands of compounds of related structure in a single container. Traditional chemistry is usually marked by the...
The overall aim of this report is to explain the use of chromatography procedure in separating the components of lycopene. Conjugated polyenes with multiple single or double bonds alternating give fruits and flowers the different colorations feature. According to Answers.com (2010) lycopene is a red carotenoid pigment and a polyene...
Reptiles are popular animals that can be easily identified by people due to their typical characteristics. For instance, snakes have always made human beings joining opposite sides of the discussion on whether they like them or not. To begin with, reptiles are a group of slithering animals that have a...
Introduction Embryos have different stages depending on organisms for instance, in humans, it is a newly developing being up to the ninth week of development. In organisms with multiple cells, the term ’embryo’ broadly describes the life cycle or early stage of development before hatching or birth. The embryonic development...
One of the world’s most endangered organisms is vaquita (Phocoena sinus), native to the northern Gulf of California. The animal got its name from the Spanish name vaquita, which means little cow. Scientists first identified this animal in 1958 when they found its’ unique skulls on the beach (Manjarrez-Bringas et...
Global warming and the water crisis is the title of a paper written by Kanae Shinjiro addressing the main issues that affect the earth resultant of global warming including the water crisis (860-864). For a long time, people often thought that water security was an issue revolving around drinking water....
Charles Darwin has worked out a theory of evolution according to which all the species are united by a common ancestor. There exist some objections to this theory. These are mostly philosophical objections of those who claim about the existence of immutable essences stating that there are certain variations within...
Neuroscience has made great strides which now provide new ideas about the development of the brain. New discoveries confirm scientifically that the teen years are a period for transition (Adolescence, Brain Development and Legal Culpability, Juvenile Justice Center) Impressive changes are believed to occur in the brain in the second...
Economy of Istanbul Istanbul is an economically developed city that combines the industry, tourism, and transportation sectors. Its GDP in 2017 amounted to one-third of Turkey’s GDP, or 970 billion Turkish liras (Kistak, 2018). The beneficial geographical location of Istanbul, as well as the history of its economic development and...
Introduction Anatomy is the foundation of medicine, the basis of its theory and practice. With this science, the process of knowledge of medical disciplines begins. Its comprehension forms the beginning of clinical thinking in medical students. This was perfectly understood by outstanding scientists at the dawn of the formation of...
Introduction Water on Earth is a finite source, and it is considered to be the most abundant compound in the biosphere. Water is on the surface, under the ground is found in vapor form and as precipitation. It is projected that 1.7% of the water on the Earth’s surface is...
Introduction Measures of central tendency are values that fall in the midline of a given data set (Dodge, 2003). Measures of central tendency are often used in research to get an idea of where most data values lie. Other data measures that are closely related to measures of central tendency...
Protecting the Habitat of Endangered Bird or Timber Logging? Walker and David argue that every person is required to protect the endangered species because; they have a duty to protect the earth, including these birds, for future generations (127). The societies do not possess the species, but they are charged...
Nowadays, people strive to improve the quality of life, focus on higher accomplishments, and try to find new ways to overcome such social problems as diseases and hunger. In this context, genetic engineering seems to be the potential to improve the quality of life because of creating new and improved...
Introduction Light has wave–particle duality, so on the electromagnetic spectrum, different wavelengths of light have different energy, frequency, and properties. In the range from about 400 to 800 nm of this spectrum is visible light: consequently, most electromagnetic waves are not perceptible to the human eye. The visible spectrum represents...
Introduction Scientific discovery is a product of communication, politics, economics, and people’s unique personalities. The case of James Watson and Francis Crick finding the double-helix of the DNA structure is no exception. The two scientists and their colleagues lived through a major war, the outcomes of which brought great political...
Origins of Draft Horse Hoof Care The history of draft horse hoof care with trimmings and corrective shoeing dates back to ancient times. Horses have been essential to human civilization for centuries, and their hoof care has been a critical aspect of their management. The need for proper hoof care...
Introduction A double-stranded DNA molecule copies itself to create two identical DNA molecules through the intricate process of DNA replication. All organisms follow this essential process, which guarantees the preservation of genetic information. A method or technique may instantly replicate billions of items—roughly 100 billion—if certain criteria are met. Protein...
Introduction Many fascinating animal species exist in the world of wildlife, each with its unique history and adaptations. Mule deer is one of the most well-known and captivating species in the northern wilderness; beautiful creatures inhabit various corners of the world and maintain extraordinary adaptations that enable them to thrive...
Introduction This study examines the effects of thumb absence on task performance, paying particular attention to the tactics people use to make up for this loss. Understanding these methods is essential for those who have lost their thumbs or have reduced thumb function (Nichols et al., 2022). Although previous research...
Agriculture is an essential part of the State’s activities. Thus, like any other industry, it may experience changes over time. Hence, as part of this scientific project, I visited a field in Hong Kong. Prior to the introduction of alterations initiated by the British government, these territories were engaged in...
Making Observations and Asking Questions I visited WildCam Lab’s Data page, and the color-coding of the map according to plant type and natural features is described in a legend in the lower left corner of the screen. The orange dots show the locations of the cameras on the map. Any...
The primary producers of oxygen on Earth are plants, algae, and cyanobacteria through a process called photosynthesis. There are a few microorganisms that can produce oxygen without sunlight, but they have only ever been found in very small numbers and in very particular settings. The constant presence of oxygen supports...
Questions about the origin of man continue to be topical, and the topic of whether humans are related to apes excites many. Unfortunately, myths about this continue to exist and spread among humans. In 2017, Tim Allen published a tweet in which he wrote, “If we evolved from apes, why...
Introduction Archaeology is an integral part of understanding world history through viewing material remains such as artifacts, ecofacts, features, and human and animal remain. The subject of research is crucial because it can shed light on how humanity first evolved and the way their predecessors managed to live for more...
Exercise is an essential element which contributes to the health of every person and positively affects the entire body. At the same time, from the perspective of biology, exercise becomes a significant challenge for the homeostasis of humans. The article “Integrative Biology of Exercise” by Hawley et al. provides an...
Introduction In cartography, it is essential to properly structure the details incorporated into the drawing of maps. Any mislabeling, erroneous segmentation and data entry may ruin the perception of one’s reality and lead to bad decision-making or confusion among those who utilize the maps. Therefore, a good map should carefully...
Introduction Human history is a complex matter that can be studied from multiple perspectives. Anthropology is a science that studies the evolution of humanity in physical, cultural, and other ways. Among others, anthropology has a philosophical aspect. In its turn, philosophical anthropology can also be divided into several topics, two...
Memory is one of the most critical components of the human psyche. It is responsible for saving and retrieving information that is constantly coming to a person from outside. The value of memory lies in the fact that it also determines a person’s personality, forming it and giving it specific...
Introduction Meat is the most important source of micro and macronutrients, healthy protein, and vitamins such as B12. Without it, the human body would not have the shape people are accustomed to. It is the protein responsible for building muscles and connecting them to each other. This nutrient is one...
Introduction Physical health in cats has been a very commonly reviewed topic. But it also sparks discussions regarding feline mental health. Since mental health research in pets focuses typically on dogs, it is essential to review the existing studies related to cats. Moreover, the almost insignificant amount of data about...
The central dogma of molecular biology postulates the formation of polypeptides and proteins from DNA by two processes called transcription and translation. The biological meaning of these processes, united by the name of protein biosynthesis, is the creation of protein structures in the body. These proteins are used from different...
Introduction Many countries across the world have relied on natural resources for their economic development. Different nations have varied endowments, which has often determined their economic growth and development. The industrial revolution has been a critical age because it led to massive exploitation of natural resources, which fueled growth and...
Salmonella was discovered in the XIX century and was named after an American veterinarian Daniel Elmer Salmon who discovered it. Salmonella is divided into six subspecies, and salmonella enterica is one of them. Salmonella enterica is a bacterium of the genus Salmonella. As a rule, it is contained in raw...
To complete this kinship diagram project, I prefer to use a nonunilineal descent system, also known as bilateral descent. In anthropology, understanding kindship is a crucial aspect, with the help of which individuals are able to identify and describe their family relationships. There are three functions of any kinship system:...
To begin with, the skin is the largest organ of the human body that plays a very important role in protecting our species from any external danger. It simultaneously keeps the internal space safe and highly secure without any movement obstructions. Furthermore, skin can be described by multiple significant functions...
