🏆 Best Essay Topics on Management
✍️ Management Essay Topics for College
- Coca-Cola: International Human Resource ManagementThe Coca-Cola Company is among the victorious MNCs globally. It embraces the provisions of expatriation to enhance its international operations.
- Kentucky Fried Chicken Firm’s Risk Management AnalysisUnderstanding what constitutes the main risks to KFC’s stability is essential in ascertaining an appropriate risk response plan.
- Ford Motor Company Leadership Style & ManagementIn the present case, we will discuss the case of Alan Mulally who had headed Ford since 2006. Mulally is also a member of the board of directors of Ford Motors.
- The Coca-Cola Company’s Management Information System StrategyThe Coca-Cola Company is an example of a multinational firm that has utilized IT to improve its company, gain a competitive edge, and consolidate diversified management duties.
- Supply Chain Management TheoryThis paper focuses on investigating, how supply chain management influences the performance of reverse logistics with specific examinations on how IT impacts it.
- Toyota TQM: Total Quality Management Theory and PracticeTotal quality management (TQM) is a systematic approach to quality assurance that is actively used by companies in various sectors.
- The Role of Technology in Operations ManagementThe benefits of technology can be seen directly associated with facilitating the processes and the resources, which operations management is directly handling.
- Unilever Group’s Supply Chain and ManagementThe report is an operation and supply chain management audit of Unilever Group. It analyses the company’s operations, objectives, management system, and supply chain pathway.
- Tesco Supply Chain ManagementThe paper examines Tesco’s coordination strategies for its global supply chain, returns on its R&D investment, supply chain risk management, and deployed technologies.
- Operations Management: Apple Case StudyThe expansion of companies is a frequent practice in business development, allowing for the development of new markets, and increasing the size of the customer base.
- Supply Chain Management at NestleThe secret behind Nestlé’s operation success lies on having sound business strategies that incorporate product innovation and renovation.
- Amazon Approach to Management and Performance EvaluationAmazon is one of the most influential tech giants on the planet, and its market capitalization is similar to that of Microsoft and Google.
- Apple Organizational Behavior, Structure, & CultureApple is a company with worldwide popularity. As of 2017, the company ranked #34 in The just 100: America’s best corporate citizens Forbes rating.
- Nestle’s Supply Chain Management ImprovementThis paper aims to explore and evaluate supply chain management strategies and practices implemented by Nestle, which is multinational nutrition, health and wellness company.
- Amazon’s Information Management System: Description and AnalysisSince Amazon.com operates under the influence of the competitive e-commerce business environment and occupies a leading place, it must utilize up-to-date, useful technology.
- Human Resources Management in GoogleThe report aims to review key human resource management practices and critically evaluate them in order to improve the organization’s performance.
- Apple Inc.’s Strategic Management RecommendationsApple is among the crucial actors within the scope of the high-tech industry. The discussion is dedicated to the analysis of the case study related to the company.
- Apple Company: OM Forecasting and ManagementApple’s OM forecasting is based on the bottom-up approach because the organization is focused on providing the best quality products.
- Ugli Orange Case and Filley’s Conflict Management TheoryThe following paper analyzes the Ugli Orange case, identifies and applies to it an appropriate conflict management theory, and offers an optimal resolution.
- Ford Motor Company: Quality Management ProblemsThe paper identifies the main problems of Ford Motor Company in the field of quality management, as well as provides recommendations for implementing the initiative.
- The PepsiCo Company’s Strategic ManagementThe current paper explores the strategic plan of PepsiCo, as well as the aspects which shape the goals of the company and its objectives.
- Sony Company’s Supply Chain ManagementThe paper analyzes Sony’s supply chain management that focuses on ensuring that the most appropriate standards have been met throughout the production process.
- The Netflix Company’s Cultural Change ManagementIn 2010, Netflix embarked on a new model driven by a change in organizational culture. The company launched on a broad step that sought to change its structure.
- Human Resource Strategy in Operations ManagementHuman resources management and operations management is immensely closely related. The functions of human resources are to search for candidates for vacant positions.
- Lego Group: Leadership and Change ManagementThe focus of this research paper is to explore leadership and change management using Lego Group as an example.
- Types of Health Information Management SystemsHealth information management systems are divided into three types: clinical systems, financial systems, and operational systems.
- Toyota Company: Project Performance ManagementProject performance strategy incorporates the relationship between the employees and the clients which leads to increase in their output and improves shareholder’s values.
- McDonald’s Operations: Self-Service Kiosk Case StudyThe self-service kiosks can be an outstanding solution in order to improve and enhance the operational flow of the McDonald’s restaurant in DC, Tenley town.
- Starbucks Company’s Supply Chain Management StrategiesThis paper discusses the significance of Starbucks’ supply chain strategy, type of its business model, supply chain risk management, and other related questions.
- Climate Change in Terms of Project ManagementThe primary aim of the following paper is to define the notion of climate change in terms of project management, risk management, and business communication.
- Zara’s Multi-Brand Strategy and Risk ManagementThe review of the multi-brand strategy used by Zara and differentiate the apparent benefits and shortcomings of using such strategy.
- Food Truck Business Strategy, Resources, ManagementThe paper describes the food truck business’s goals and objectives, management functions, decision-making process, organizational structure, etc.
- HR Management in Sustainable Competitive AdvantageThis article will evaluate the role the human resource manager needs to take when there are changes in external environmental factors.
- Human Resource Management at NetflixHuman resources represent one of the most important assets that an organization could have. This means that companies’ success is directly related to the performance of workers.
- Food Waste ManagementThe paper aims at explaining the issue of food waste and describing approaches to the reduction of this problem.
- Administrative and Other Foundational Management TheoriesThis paper aims to review three foundational management theories: Administrative Theory, Human Relations Theory, and Theory of General Systems.
- Human Resource Management Issues in ToyotaToyota is a huge Japanese concern whose products are popular all over the world. The firm may face certain challenges in other markets.
- Volkswagen Group’s Human Resource ManagementThe Volkswagen group has embedded critical aspects in its human resource management that are useful in aligning the behaviours of its workforce to meet set goals.
- IKEA: Performance ManagementThe case of IKEA shows that effective performance management depends upon human resources management and planning of all activities related to performance.
- KFC Philippines Company’s Risk-ManagementThe case of KFC Philippines demonstrates an example of effective risk management that protects a company from economic losses and damage to its reputation.
📌 Easy Management Essay Topics
- Leadership and Change Management in Apple CompanyThe paper aims to analyze the data concerning the business performance of Apple Company, its change management practices, the charismatic leadership pattern of Steve Jobs.
- Application of Principles of Management in TodayThe principle of management is a critical aspect of businesses and organizations that is considered from time to time.
- Starbucks Corporation’s Management SkillsThe general objective of this research was to find out the role of the managers in managing the operations of an organization with particular regard to the Starbuck Corporation.
- Mercedes Benz Firm’s Strategic Change ManagementThis report highlights the need for change in the company. A strategy is proposed to transition the production process from developing gasoline-powered engines to electric ones.
- Starbucks Coffee’s Changes in Management StyleStarbucks Coffee embraces new management styles to remain competitive. This paper examines the major changes in the firm’s management style within the past 40 years.
- The Amazon Company’s Performance ManagementWhile much of the internal operations and policies of Amazon require change, performance management systems require rapid improvement.
- Example of Administrative Management Theory: Henri Fayol’s 14 PrinciplesHenri Fayol postulated 14 important principles that enable managers to find a rational way of designing an organisation by formalising administrative structures in the workplace.
- Management Skills: Literature ReviewCurrent literature review describes the main qualities and skills possessed by modern managers. The researches selected for analysis do not contain subjective or questionable information.
- Walt Disney Company: Change ManagementChange management is one of the critical factors in the successful implementation of the quality system and the development of the Walt Disney Company as a whole.
- Operational Management: the Case of Apple, Inc.The development of a solid plan is possible after analyzing the operationalization management strategy of Apple and developing recommendations based on the operational theory.
- Project Management Methods, Models, and TheoriesProject management is a multidimensional phenomenon encompassing the intersection of computerized systems and proposals for proficiency in the implementation process.
- Lululemon Company: Poor Management Under the Conditions of Fast Corporate ExpansionWhile the Lululemon company has been experiencing worldwide success, some circumstances turned out to cause the corporation financial issues.
- Johnson & Johnson Ltd.: Supply Chain ManagementThough Johnson & Johnson experienced some difficulties in implementing supply chain management in its operations, the successes of the tool far outweigh the failures.
- Starbucks Corporation’s Strategic Management in SingaporeThis report provides an overview of the Starbucks Coffee Company and its operations in Singapore with a detailed review of its strategic goals.
- Case Study of Wembley Stadium Project Management MethodsProject management is increasingly essential to firms since projects are the methods they respond to the environment.
- Google Company: International Human Resources ManagementGoogle is one of the world’s largest and most renowned corporations. This paper is focused on the exploration of Google’s human resources practices such as recruitment and selection.
- Leadership and Management in Early Childhood EducationThe paper examines why leadership and management are confused among early childhood education professionals. One can easily understand both terms.
- Harrods Department Store’s Strategic ManagementThis report aims at introducing a strategic development plan for Harrods department store to enhance its global competitive advantage by market development means.
- Air New Zealand Airline’s Operations ManagementThis paper analyzes the internal and external environment of Air New Zealand with a view to understanding the main factors influencing its operational plans.
- Kotter’s Change Management Theory in Nursing PracticeKotter’s change management theory can be successfully applied to achieve quality improvement in nursing practice. The model helps to ensure the acceptance of the change.
- The Edinburgh Tram: Project ManagementThis report reviews the Edinburgh Tram project. The review compares the game theory with the project management approach used by the stakeholders.
- McDonald’s Procurement Risk and Contract ManagementA competitive advantage in the context of procurement by McDonald’s refers to its ability to offer customers quality goods or products with more value relative to competitors.
- Coca-Cola’s Beneficial Strategic ManagementThe benefits of strategic management are evident in Coca-Cola’s company, which witnessed increased operational efficiency, leading to increased sales.
- Strategic Human Resource Management ModelsHuman resource management is a critical aspect of the functioning of any company as it determines the effectiveness of the organization’s operations and quality of results.
- Contingency Theory in Management AccountingContingency theory is genuinely a theory that finds wide application in today’s changing world, where numerous factors affect the design of the accounting information system.
- Management Theories: Classical Writers and Contingency SchoolManagement theories define ways in which individuals can be organized and productive in the performance of workplace duties.
- Stakeholder Management in Construction ProjectsThe paper discusses the stakeholders’ management as a whole with a point of view on the cost and scope of construction projects.
- Apple Inc.’s Strategic Operations ManagementApple remains one of the most productive corporations in the world. This paper has analyzed the strategic factors that have enabled the American brand to succeed.
- The Meta Company’s Change ManagementThis paper will focus primarily on applying the framework for management, leadership, and change to the company Meta, the social networking and technology conglomerate.
- The Boeing 787 Dreamliner Project ManagementThe aviation industry encompasses all aspects of air travel and the appropriate activities that enable the industry to meet its customers’ travel and transport needs.
- Coca-Cola Company: Strategic Management ProcessThe paper at hand is devoted to the analysis of the process of strategic management basing on the Coca-Cola case study. Mission statement, a vision statement and values were examined.
- Nursing Leadership and ManagementThis essay explores the similarities and differences between leadership and management in nursing. It focuses on how nurse leaders and managers perceive quality improvement.
- Air Asia Company External and Strategic Management AnalysisAir Asia was founded in 1996 as Malaysia’s second airline. It had been beset by problems in the beginning, and failed to make profits.
- Ryanair: Strategic Management Analysis ReportAirline industry is one of the profitable industries today and in future. Ryanair is a UK-based company followed the structure of successful Sourthwest Airlines located in the USA.
- Dell Company’s Supply Chain ManagementThis paper focuses on Dell Company’s supply chain management. The company uses a direct model of supply chain management to reach its customers directly.
- The Role of HRM in Career ManagementTraditional perceptions of careers are slowly being replaced by new views. Career management was once considered as a role for employers.
- Aspects of IKEA HR ManagementHuman resources is a strategic asset and key element to fulfilling the IKEA company’s mission and maintaining a successful business model.
- What Is Inventory Management?Inventory management helps in making sound business decisions depending on the motives of holding the inventories. These motives can be transactional, precaution or speculative in nature.
- Birthday Management Plan: Approaches for a Successful BirthdayThis essay aims at planning for an event, preferably a birthday party, that will take place during the Spring season.
- Social Media in Crisis Management of RestaurantsVarious firms are considering the use of social media to manage the crisis, especially if this involves rebuilding the image of the firm destroyed by negative publicity.
👍 Good Management Research Topics & Essay Examples
- Cross-Cultural vs. International ManagementCross-cultural management and international management are concepts that refer to working with individuals coming from diverse cultural backgrounds.
- Supply Chain Management of CoffeeNestlé’s instant coffee supply chain consists of the farmers, purchasing department, operations management, logistics, resource management, information workflow, and customers.
- Management Information Systems in Small BusinessesThe current generation relies on IT in almost every aspect of life and its use touches all realms of human development.
- Tesco Company: Project Risk and Procurement ManagementThe purpose of this report is to examine critically the contribution of the procurement function to Tesco’s competitive advantage in the European market.
- The Coca-Cola Company’s Cross-Cultural Management in the UAEHofstede’s five-dimensional model is the most feasible cultural framework to use in evaluating a Coca-Cola company in the UAE.
- Boeing Company’s Customer Relationships ManagementThe focus of the paper is to give the definition of the notion of “being customer-led” and to analyze different customer-led programs on the example of Boeing Company.
- Tesla Inc.’s Strategic Management and CompetitivenessThis paper analyzes the strategic management and strategic competitiveness of the Tesla company and assesses the impact of globalization and technological changes on the company.
- Boeing’s Quality Management Tools and TechniqueThis essay describes how lean is used by Boeing as a quality improvement (QI) tool to deliver positive results.
- Database Management Systems’ Major CapabilitiesDatabase Management Systems (DBMS) is software that provides storage, updating, and retrieval of data in a computer.
- Four Seasons Hotel Chain’s Strategic ManagementIn the context of present-day developments, the hotel chain Four Seasons has to cope with significant challenges. They lead to a revenue decrease and may result in bankruptcy.
- The Concepts of Leadership and ManagementThis report will examine the link between leadership and management, introduce theoretical behavioural approaches to leadership development.
- Performance Management in Enterprise Rent-A-CarThe work plan aimed at enhancing productivity management in Enterprise Rent-A-Car implies developing a special program involving digital analytical equipment.
- Aldi Strategy Analysis & Management StructureOne of the best ways of anticipating changes in the retail market environment and adapting to them is studying customer behaviours and preferences.
- Sainsbury’s Management Structure & Strategy AnalysisIn 2015, Sainsbury had annual revenue of £23,775 million, thus making it one of the leading supermarkets in the UK’s retailing industry.
- Hospitals’ Revenue Sources and ManagementHospitals generate revenue from both private and public sources thereby ensuring that health care services are being delivered to communities in an efficient manner.
- Optimizing Supply Chain Management in StarbucksStarbucks emphasizes its focus on sustainable supply chain management and its increased flexibility. The company’s scheme of procurement and logistics should be altered.
- The Importance of Healthcare ManagementHealthcare organizations need healthcare management because healthcare nowadays requires high levels of coordination among multiple stakeholders.
- The Risk Management ProcessRisk management involves identifying the risks involved in a project, analyzing the risks, planning for the implementation of a project, and managing the risks involved.
- Nokia Corporation’s Management and StrategyNokia, the world’s largest cell phone Manufacturer Company, has been selected to analyze several aspects in the environment, selection, and implementation of strategies, etc.
- The Healthcare Manager’s Role in Information Technology ManagementThis article focuses on the role that a healthcare manager plays in ensuring the efficient execution of medical operations through the use of new technologies.
- Marriott Hotels’ Marketing ManagementThis report assesses the performance of Marriott Hotels concerning strategic marketing. The report assesses the type of segmentation that the firm has integrated.
- Tesco.com: E-Business and E-Commerce ManagementTesco’s customer centric policies while managing retail stores and online portals have transformed into strong financial performance, market share and growth prospects.
- Coca-Cola Company’s International Financial ManagementCoca-Cola is interested in the concept of international financial management (IFM) to manage international finances and maximize shareholder wealth.
- 3M Corporation’s Innovation and Project ManagementThis paper deals with 3M – an American corporation working in chemistry, industry, safety, and everyday goods.
- Management Accounting: The Main AspectsThis report provides valuable information on management accounting in detail and explores various aspects of this concept.
- Decathlon: Supply Chain ManagementThis paper presents the best supply chain management insights and initiatives that Decathlon can undertake to become a leading competitor in this industry.
- Operations Management: The Case of Concept Design ServicesOperations management is the approach to managing a range of resources that are used in order to manufacture certain products or propose specific services.
- Five Functions of Management and Their ApplicationThe core responsibility of an effective leader is the implementation of the five basic functions of management to organize the work of a certain unit.
- Management of Change: Shell Case StudyThis assignment is a case study on organizational change and change management. The case study is based on a Canadian based organization known as Shell Canada.
- Software Engineering Management: Unified Software Development Process and Extreme ProgrammingThere have been considerable issues in managing the software development process for the web applications and systems integration projects completed recently.
- Cross-Cultural Management in Hospitality and TourismThis paper discusses the importance of effective cross-cultural management in the tourism and hospitality industry due to its diverse workforce and global nature.
- Cross-Cultural Management: A Case Study AnalysisThe 21st century has introduced an evolution of the business environment, in which managers face new challenges.
- Samsung Electronics: Operations Management Performance ObjectivesIn Samsung Electronics, it can be stated that one of the departments responsible for quality is Corporate Technology Office.
- Dupont Case Study: Organizational ManagementThe case study demonstrates DuPont’s approach to organizational management, which is centered on experimentation rather than traditional change management.
- Data Assets Management of LuLu Hypermarkets SystemThe report provides an analysis of the data assets management of LuLu hypermarkets system. The main advantages and disadvantages of the system are identified.
- Coca-Cola Company: Strategic Management – Implementation and MonitoringThe Coca-Cola Company that is one of the most well-known global brands has a rather complex and interdependent structure that is adapted to specific goals and its mode of operation.
- Berkshire Hathaway: Management and LeadershipThe impact of the efficient and supportive management style of an organisation determine conflict management ability.
- General Motors Company’ Supply Chain ManagementGeneral Motors is the company that focuses primarily on satisfying the customers and delivering the final good to them as soon as possible.
- General Motors Company’s Poor Management IssuesThis paper analyzes a major issue that threatens the success of General Motors in relation to organization development. The problem selected entails poor management.
- Hard Rock Café’s Operations Management and ProductivityThe case deals with Hard Rock café, the modest pub in London, which has grown exponentially within a very short span of 30 years.
💡 Simple Management Essay Ideas
- Abu Dhabi National Oil Company’s Management ChallengesAbu Dhabi National Oil Company has been experiencing difficulties associated with the Human Resource Management (HRM) processes, as well as Project Management (PM).
- Magna International’s Strategic Management ProcessThis paper aims at studying all major aspects of the strategic management process of Magna International, a Canadian automotive supplier.
- Nissan Motor Company: Operations ManagementTo ensure financial stability and a strong position in the target market, recently, Nissan has decided to reorganize its operations strategy.
- A Difference Between Leadership and ManagementIt needs to be understood that leadership and management are different. Most performing managers possess leadership traits, but not all leaders can manage effectively.
- H&M: Strategic Brand ManagementIn this paper, multiple aspects of the H&M brand will be examined, including inventory, ownership, history, elements and other details.
- Emirates Airlines’ Innovations Use and ManagementEmirates Airlines has been pioneering new technologies ever since its launch in 1985. The appropriate use of innovations has contributed to the company’s success.
- The Value of PowerPoint Presentations for Healthcare ManagementIn the fast-evolving spheres like healthcare, technologies play a crucial role in the achievement of health-promotional, educational, strategic, and developmental goals.
- Challenges Faced by MNC’s in Cross-Cultural ManagementThis paper intends to identify the key challenges faced by MNC’s in cross-cultural management and offer a plausible recommendation of how this issue could be solved.
- Management Is Art or Science?In the paper supporting arguments are presented to provide reflection on the role of management as art and science.
- Honda: Logistics ManagementHonda Motor Co., Ltd., hereafter referred to as Honda, is one of the leaders in the global automotive market operating in all continents.
- Risk Management Strategies of Bank of AmericaThis essay analyses the risk management techniques adopted by the Bank of India to increase not only its profit but also its market share in detail.
- Management and Leadership in the Hospitality IndustryThis paper aims to evaluate the validity of leveraging competencies of leadership and management in an attempt to achieve competitive advantage.
- The AtekPC Project Management OfficeThe Project Management Office (PMO) mission of AtekPC had been growing slowly since 2006, when it began. The main purpose of the PMO is cost reduction and the improvement of projects.
- Amazon Company: Financial ManagementAmazon is clearly showing a successful example of long-term funding performed in the form of debt financing and long-term credits.
- The UNESCO: Strategic ManagementThe United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is a well-known organization, which is aimed to protect cultural world heritage.
- Procter and Gamble (P&G): Strategic ManagementThe research of Procter and Gamble Company and its organizational methods and management tools that help achieve successful and effective marketing goals.
- Compensation/Management: Job Analysis, Employee ReactionJob analysis involves collecting information that describes the characteristics and requirements of a certain kind of job.
- Water and Soil ManagementMaintaining soil water balance has a long history and is practiced in many countries, arguing that human activities are threatening the quality of water and soil.
- Challenges Within the Transport and Logistics ManagementThis paper aims to identify the challenges faced by transportation and logistics management and suggests the solutions to the discovered issues.
- Managing Supply Chain ManagementThe paper will examine supply chain management (SCM) and consider some aspects that should be kept in mind when dealing with supply chains.
- Organizational Change Management EssayReactions to organizational change vary from resistance to compliance and the enthusiastic support of the change, though the latter is rather an exception.
- PepsiCo Inc.’s Risk Management in Purchasing DepartmentIn this paper, the author is a consultant who has been engaged by Pepsi Company to assist in the development and implementation of a risk management strategy.
- Conflict Management in the ArmyThe paper states that conflict management skills are essential for an army leader. A competent leader can resolve interpersonal disagreements.
- A Matter of Priorities in ManagementThe incident shows planning the working process and making the priorities. Sometimes postponing something essential gives better results than managing all the issues at once.
- Linear Programming Operations ManagementLinear programming operations management is a mathematical strategy that is employed for arranging scarce or limited resources effectively while performing various tasks.
- Nike’s Organizational Culture: Approaches & HR ManagementThis paper description of Nike Inc., its cultural analysis, the organization’s approach to staffing, and/or how it influences the performance of the organization.
- The IBM Project Management Techniques & PracticesMost of IBM’s project management tasks fall under the various stages of the project life cycle: initiation, planning, execution, monitoring and control, and closing.
- Risk Management at Walmart and the Retail IndustryRisk management is an essential aspect of running a business. The process can be divided into two main stages – risk assessment and risk treatment.
- Banking and Inventory ManagementThis assessment analyses the inventory management as a tool for achieving successful supply chains and resilience in the banking services industry.
- Risk Management in the Boeing OrganizationThis report presents the lessons learned from the recall of the 737 Max jet after the two crashes that involved the Boeing 737 Max plane and the grounding of operation in Boeing.
- Hotel Management: Performance Improvement PlanIn the course of this paper, the current trends in the sphere of hotel management will be discussed in order to establish areas of improvement for the region.
- Brand Management: Nike Case StudyThis document includes Nike’s assessment and response to consumer behavior affected by the global climate change trend.
- Human Resource Management: Benefits and Key IssuesThis work is aimed at describing the key features of human resource management as a separate activity in the framework of the modern business environment.
- Horizontal and Vertical Audits in ManagementVertical and horizontal analysis complement each other, allowing managers to examine how each process works and interacts with others on an in-depth level.
- Environmental Management Problems and ChallengesTo realize a competitive advantage based on environmental management, companies must seek to develop strategies that translate actions into benefits.
- Strategic Management of Human ResourcesHuman resources refer to the people of an organization. Human resource managers seek to facilitate the contribution people make to achieve an organization’s goals and strategies.
- Crisis Management Planning and Its EffectivenessCrisis management planning is an organized way of mulling over the misfortunes that may affect an organization or individuals.
- Advantages and Challenges of Green Supply Chain ManagementThis paper explores the progress made by various companies adopting green supply chain to mitigate the environmental impact of their activities, and analyzes their advantages.
- Construction of Wembley’s Stadium: Project Management MethodologiesAssociation for Project Management is a framework application that might have significant contributions to the success of Wembley’s Stadium construction.
- Kodak: Operations and Innovations ManagementThis paper provides analysis of Kodak’s situation using the 3S model, application to Kodak, providing strategic analysis, systematic analysis, and situational analysis.