Welcome to our list of communication essay topics! To write a good communication essay, you must examine the dynamic realm of interpersonal interactions. As we explore creative titles about communication, we’ll reveal different interaction forms in the digital age. Join us for the best intercultural, interpersonal, and business communication topics!
🗣️ TOP 7 Communication Topics
🏆 Best Communication Essay Topics
- Ancient Ways of Communication Before TechnologyThis informational essay is devoted to the investigation of a wide range of communication means used by people in ancient times from the pre-writing period until the development of alphabets.
- The Communication Inquiry: Semiotic, Cybernetic, and Critical TraditionsRobert Craig’s approach to communication traditions is one of the most basic and starts with the notion that many definitions of communication exist.
- Impact of Technology on the CommunicationCommunication technologies are changing social environments greatly. The paper is going to unveil the main opportunities and disadvantages presented by communication technologies.
- Verbal and Non-Verbal Cross-Cultural CommunicationThis essay explores the nature of verbal and non-verbal cross-cultural communication. It mainly concerns how verbal and non-verbal signs can be used to facilitate communication.
- Essay on Cross-Cultural Communication & DifferencesWhat are cross-cultural differences? What are the examples of cross-cultural communication? ??➕?? Find the answers in this essay on multicultural communication!
- Communication Strengths and Weaknesses and TipsCommunication plays a vital role in people’s life as it is considered to be the main tool for interaction between people.
- Technology and Interpersonal CommunicationThis article explores the impact of technology on interpersonal communication, discusses how technology has changed the way people interact and communicate with each other.
- Global Communication in Society and BusinessThis paper considers the value of such a concept as global communication for both society and business. It has several advantages and barriers.
- Communication Technology and GlobalizationGrowth in communication networks brought out by information technology witnessed a stream of expansion of products and ideas breaking geographic boundaries.
- How Technology Has Changed Communication?Social networks have made communication simpler, faster and better by enhancing accessibility in both social and business fields.
- Non-Verbal Communication Through ClothingNon-verbal communication is the major player in the human behavior and it is always important to realize that major communication taking place is usually non-verbal communication.
- Communication in “Sticks” Story by George Saunders“Sticks” is a short story by George Saunders that famously contains only 392 words but packs an emotional punch.
- Bias of Communication: Space-Biased Media & Other ConceptsThe concept of bias of communication has attracted many scholars over the past years. The media used to communicate to a given audience determine the nature of bias.
- Modern Technology Transformations: Benefits and InnovationsThis essay describes how social networks have been used as communication channels for marketing various brands. Pinterest use to promote companies.
- Interpersonal Communication in the MilitaryThe majority of personal conflicts in the military stem from ineffective interpersonal communication. Poor communication may result in disastrous outcomes.
- The Impact of Communication on Human DevelopmentHuman development is a complex and contradictory process initiated by many forces, one of which is communication.
- Types of Communication: Verbal and Non-VerbalThis essay has illustrated different types of communication, and from the facts presented here, it can be concluded that all the types are equally important in the society.
- Social Media: Impact on Interpersonal Communication and RelationshipsSocial media has surpassed email as the primary method of communication with individuals from all around the globe. It has proved beneficial to some and harmful to others.
- The Role of Non-Verbal Communication in Everyday LifeNon-verbal contact has a significant role to play in everyone’s life. It is known to enhance an individual’s ability to interact, develop and contribute to intimate collaboration.
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Social Media EssayThe essay defines some of the critical social media terms. The use of social media has evolved and has resulted in a rapid increase in social and commercial factors.
- Ethics in Information and Communications TechnologyDesign and application of ICTs in our society also come with serious ethical issues which cause dilemmas on whether to fully adopt such technologies.
- Language and Cross-Cultural CommunicationThe essay will identify the various cultural differences denoted by intercultural communication and the key aspects of language in the various concepts.
- Nike Equality Campaign and Marketing CommunicationA marketing communication plan for Nike and its latest campaign “Equality” will be developed regarding the main aspects of integrated marketing communications.
- The Role of Online CommunicationThe intensive development of information and communication technologies leads today to changes in the character of interpersonal contacts.
- McDonald’s Company’ Integration of Marketing CommunicationThis paper explores how McDonald’s can deploy ntegration of marketing communication to ensure that it attains acceptance of its products and services in the fast-food industry across the globe.
- Discussion: Communication and Mass MediaThis essay aims to analyze the importance of mass media in providing information and entertaining the general public.
- The Communication Styles of Men and WomenThe root is back to human nature and physiology and can result in a dramatic difference in behavior and perception of the world.
- Impact of Culture on CommunicationThere are different factors that affect communication between groups or individuals. Cultural difference is one of the key factors that affect communication
- The Nestle Company: Communication ProcessIntegrated marketing communications is a method of attaining the goals of a commerce campaign which consist in the promoting the awareness of the broad audience about the Nestle brand.
- Parent-Child Conflict Resolution: Communication ProblemThe psychological view upon the problem of the parent-child conflict covers many aspects explaining the nature of generations’ contradictions.
- Globalisation Impact on Mobile CommunicationsThe process of globalisation is likely to have a significant impact on the competitive environment of the mobile communications sector for the near future.
- Communication Style of Google CEO Sundar PichaiSundar Pichai, as a leader, has to interact with his employees to ensure that the company’s objectives and visions are to be realized or on course.
- The Impact of Culture on CommunicationCulture serves as an enrichment of human values and unique experiences, subsequently applied in discussions or communication between several people.
❓ Essay Question about Communication
- Are Cell Phones Leading to the Demise of Communication?
- Is Electronic Communication Beneficial?
- What Are the Four Types of Communication?
- What Is the Process of Communication?
- Can Social Media Sway Everyday Communication?
- Why Communication Is Important in Our Life?
- What Are Barriers and Break-Downs in Communication?
- What Are the Principles of Communication?
- Does Technology Undermine Communication?
- What Are the Methods of Communication?
- What Is the Value of Communication?
- How Can You Improve Your English Communication More Effective Just as Native Speakers Speak?
- How Does Communication Affect Relationships?
- What’s the Best Form of Communication?
- What Is the Most Effective Way of Communication?
- What Are the Uses of Communication in One’s Life?
- How Does the Internet Aid Communication?
- What Is Positive Communication?
- What Are the Greatest Challenges to Good Communication?
- How Has Technology Changed Communication?
- What Kinds of Communication Problems Have You Experienced?
👍 Communication Research Topics
- Effective Communication and Human Relations in the WorkplaceThe paper explores the advantages of effective communication, possible communication barriers, and importance of human relations skills in the workplace.
- Achieving Successful Business CommunicationThis essay is presented the basis of communication, the steps involved in achieving efficient business communication skills as well as some examples.
- Nursing Communication ProcessThe five elements of the communication process include the sender, message, receiver, channels, and feedback.
- Importance of Therapeutic Communication in NursingThe paper states that therapeutic communication is a key element in nursing care, and all professionals must be able to utilize it in their practice.
- Comparison of Verbal and Nonverbal CommunicationVerbal and nonverbal communication differ in structure, miscommunication, continuousness, and distance and time.
- Importance of Effective Communication in NursingWorkplace communication is a critical component of professional interaction among colleagues as its effectiveness directly impacts a variety of performance indicators.
- How Technology Has Affected CommunicationTechnological development has redefined communication over the years by early age designs such as blowing horns to modern internet communication.
- Cuban Cultural Communication in Relation to HealthcareCubans are hospitable and open-minded people; people do not build fences around houses, and the door remains open since the population is always happy with guests.
- Cross-Cultural Communication Style of Women and MenThe differences in communication between the males and the females within a society stem from the fact that males and females are different physiologically and psychologically.
- Importance of Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication in Intercultural CommunicationIntercultural communication is essential as people interact in businesses, workplaces activities, etc. Verbal and non-verbal communication has a important role in communication.
- Using Gibbs’ Reflective Cycle to Improve Nursing Communication in Challenging SituationsIn analyzing a challenging nurse-resuscitator conversation, Gibbs’ Reflective Cycle helps identify emotional impacts and improve communication strategies.
- Netflix Inc.’s Strategic Communication PlanNetflix, Inc., initially started as the world’s leading DVD rent-by-mail company with more than one million subscribers.
- Academic Writing and Professional CommunicationThe process of working out and realizing the plan for the development of writing skills is the means for the improvement of academic writing style and professional communication.
- Stereotypes and Prejudices in Intercultural CommunicationThe aim is to study modern contacts between representatives of different cultures, arising within the same and different states, and whether they carry problems in communication.
- Business Communication Types and LevelsIt is imperative to apply the bulk of high-level to low-level communication in business communication and to be relevant in day-to-day business activities.
- Coca-Cola Company’s Communication StrategiesThis paper analyzes The Coca-Cola Company’s communication strategies, evaluates their efficiency, and considers the ethical side of things.
- Elaborated vs. Restricted Codes in CommunicationElaborated and restricted codes are specific forms of language and speech in particular social contexts, including in different orders of meanings.
- Nike’s Favorite Integrated Marketing Communication ToolsThis paper aims to analyze and evaluate what integrated marketing communication tools Nike uses to promote its products.
- Interpersonal Communication in the “One Day” FilmThe focus of this paper is on the analysis of interpersonal communication observed between the characters of One Day, a romantic movie directed by Lone Scherfig.
- Effective Interpersonal Communications PrinciplesThere are some hitches in communication that can be avoided if appropriate research is done and preparations are made before addressing a certain kind of audience.
- Yahoo! CEO Marissa Mayer and Communication TheoryThis paper defines the communicative theories and methods that Marissa Mayer uses to get Yahoo! moving in the right direction in the quest to rebuild faith and trust in the company.
- Communication in Negotiation: Process and BarriersCommunication is an integral part of everyday life. Persuasive and efficient communication guarantees a success in all types of negotiations.
- The Coca-Cola Company’s Marketing CommunicationThe paper explores the Coca-Cola company’s political, legal, economic, and technological environment, presents a SWOT analysis and marketing communication strategies.
- Intercultural Relationships and CommunicationAn intercultural relationship is vital because it can help to learn new skills and gain diversified cultural knowledge.
- Interpersonal Communication Dynamics in “The Break-Up” by ReedThe film The Break-Up illustrates how the inability to listen actively, nonverbal communication, and poor problem-solving result in constant misunderstandings and disagreements.
- Cuban Ancestry in Nursing Cultural CommunicationCultural ancestry determines the behavior of its bearers. This paper presents diverse aspects typical of Cuban ancestry and their role in nursing and health care.
- Persuasive Communication in Different ContextsPersuasive communication is the personal context might mean avoidance of extra explanations or the background needed to justify a request or issue that should be discussed.
- The Impact of Communication on Human RelationsRelationships in modern society exist in various forms, but the most important of them is social communication, which allows human relationships to be formed.
- Crew Communication Failure During Korean Air’s AccidentIn his book Outliers: The Story of Success, Malcolm Gladwell claimed that ethnic differences could dramatically influence a working performance.
- The Song “Just Give Me a Reason”: Interpersonal CommunicationThis paper aims at discussing how the song “Just Give Me a Reason” by Pink and Nate Ruess relates to interpersonal communication and its characteristics.
- Selfridge & Co.’s Integrated Marketing CommunicationsIntegrated Marketing Communication tools comprise a number of marketing instruments designed to ensure efficient and consistent communication with the target audience.
- Flat vs. Tall Organizational CommunicationThis paper describes and compares tall and flat organizational structures and offers an example of an organization with a flat structure and a detailed overview of its operations.
- The Causes and Effects of Social Media on Relationships and CommunicationCommunication has become easier and more complicated at the same time. The Internet has blended interpersonal and mass communication, making public and private lines less pronounced.
- Communications: Texting Your Friends and Talking to ThemTexting is universal and suitable compared to calling as it goes without saying that one cannot call the person at any time.
- The U-Curve Model of Intercultural CommunicationThe U-Curve Model provides a fast and effective way of channeling the intercultural communication process toward reconciliation and collaboration.
- Exploring Intercultural Communication by GrotheThe most interesting concepts from Exploring Intercultural Communication by Grothe are the interrelation between ascribed and avowed identities and ability as a cultural identity.
- Coca-Cola Company’s Communication Strategy DevelopmentThe development of communication strategy, both internal and external, is essential for a company’s productive and efficient functioning.
- Communication Barriers at the WorkplaceHaving good communication skills is rather crucial for all workers since it may significantly affect their performance and success.
- Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication Issues in BusinessBoth verbal and non-verbal communication play an essential role in determining the overall communication quality in an organization.
- Communications: Technology and Personal ContactTechnology is making communication easier in today’s world, but at the expense of personal contact as many people choose to interact from home in front of a computer screen.
🌶️ Creative Titles about Communication
- Effective Communication and NegotiationEffective Communication is a skill plays a huge role in social and business settings: individuals who have mastered the art of communication can be considered better negotiators.
- Poor Communication Between Departments in an OrganizationAlmost every company relies on communication in some form or another to function efficiently. Effective communication is a critical aspect of any business or organization.
- Gestures and Signs in CommunicationThis paper will set out to argue that while gestures can be developed and studied so as to advance their usage they can not serve as an adequate replacement for speech in our life.
- Positive and Negative Impact of Technology on CommunicationThe use of technology in communication has improved the quality and quantity of communication and promoted human relations in the society.
- Dramatism Theory in CommunicationDramatism theory is a communication theory for analyzing human relationships and exploring the nature of motivation.
- Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Communication ComparisonThe purpose of this paper is to define the concept of communication and then compare and contrast interpersonal and intrapersonal communication.
- Interpersonal Communication Between Kuzco the Emperor and PachaThe topic of this essay is the relationship between the “Emperor’s new groove’s” main characters who found themselves together on a dangerous and fascinating journey.
- Importance of Nurse-Patient CommunicationDue to the absence of time for managing each patient’s needs, as well as challenges in the understanding of cultures, nurse-patient communication must be established.
- Toyota Motor: Communication & Organizational DesignThis paper deals with the aspect of organizational structure. The model company for this paper is one of the leading automakers in the world, Toyota Motor Corpn. Japan.
- School Nurse’s Communication with Pregnant TeenagersThe paper aims to discuss the case of a 17-year-old student who has type I diabetes and whose pregnancy test is positive.
- Aspects of Monologic CommunicationMonologic communication is a mode of communication where one person speaks while the other listens. There is no interaction between individuals.
- The Use of Conversational Devices in CommunicationThe paper states that people can use different conversational devices to establish communication. They can control how others utilize reasoning to justify claims.
- Nike’s Cause Marketing. Justice CommunicationA cause-related marketing campaign is a campaign in which a company aligns itself with a good cause to improve its reputation.
- Analysis of Theories in CommunicationStanley Deetz developed the critical theory of communication to explore ways of ensuring the health of organizations while increasing diverse human interests’ representation.
- The Volvo Company’s Marketing CommunicationsAccording to the article, Volvo’s marketing communications aspire to achieve the potential customers’ attention, interest, and desire.
- Personal Communication in Business OrganizationsIn this paper, attention will be paid to personal communication in business organizations, its characteristics, and common examples.
- Effects of Poor Communication in HealthcareReviewing various categories of interactions within the healthcare system will enable an in-depth understanding of the effects of poor communication.
- Communicating at Work: Advice for Effective CommunicationCommunication skills, particularly the ability to work effectively in a team setting, are the most important factors that enable individuals to excel in their job.
- International Marketing and Marketing CommunicationsMarketing communications are messages and related media used to communicate with the target market. It involves advertising, sales promotion, personal selling, and public relations.
- Persuasion and Manipulation in Business CommunicationThe difference between persuasion and manipulation in business is in the character of the intent of this or that action.
- The USA and Nigeria’s CommunicationThis paper considers Hofstede’s model’s factors for the discussion of communication differences and similarities in the US and Nigeria.
- Communication With People With DisabilitiesThis paper discusses the importance of proper communication with people with disabilities, emphasizes the need to avoid putting them in awkward positions.
- Importance and Benefits of Mobile Communications for Today’s SocietyMobile communications are now firmly entrenched in the life of a modern person, so it is difficult to imagine the absence of cellular communications.
- Nurse’s Communication Quality ImprovementCommunication with patients is essential in all aspects of care and nursing. This is because patients consider interaction with nurses to be critical to their therapy.
- Communication Failures and the Cases of Their Solution in BusinessThe paper aims to analyze the roots of the issues, how the intercultural failures can be eliminated, and the brand’s appropriate behavior in public after the reputational damage.
- Instagram as a Digital Communication PlatformInstagram is a social network that allows its users to share photos, pictures, gifs, and videos, rating and commenting them.
- Cuban Heritage and Communication PatternsThe first Cuban communication pattern that should be taken into consideration is the distance Cubans maintain as they speak to strangers.
- Intercultural Communication in TV ShowsThe paper discusses filmmaking that used various television series and movies to examine the question of intercultural communication.
- Effective Communication at FedExFor FedEx, the management must adopt proper communication skills to ensure that employees realize their expectations.
- Gender, Generations, and CommunicationsThe discussion focused on developing different approaches to bridging socio-cultural discrepancies associated with different generations in the workplace.
- Improving Intercultural Communication SkillsEfficiently communicating thoughts and ideas to people of a different culture or ethnicity is crucial for establishing a thriving intercultural relationship.
- Aspects of the Contemporary American Communication CultureIntercultural communication as a particular type of communication involves communication between speakers of different languages and different cultures.
- Intercultural Communication in the WorkplaceA good understanding of the cultural difference in an area of operation and correct utilization of the available human capital aids the company to perform better
- The Use of Information and Communication Technology in EducationThe main idea of the paper is ‘The use of information and communication technology in education’. The Paper is based on the advantages of information and communication technologies.
- Pretentious Diction and Dying Metaphors in Business CommunicationThe lack of preciseness is a cause for the decline of English language. Example for the lack of preciseness is the usage of pretentious diction.
- Nurses and Patients’ CommunicationThere is no doubt that communication between nurses and patients can influence the process of treatment, and this is why is has to be studied.
- Personal Isolation and Technology in CommunicationTechnology is an interruption to physical communication and promotes personal isolation, as well as anti-socialism.
- Ghosting in Communication and RelationshipsGhosting is the act of abruptly ending all communication with someone, especially with another person well-known to someone.
- The Importance of Cultural Intelligence in CommunicationThe world is constantly becoming more and more interdependent, and people need to react to these changes by developing cultural intelligence and flexibility.
- Communication Problems in a WorkplaceMany people had once faced situations at work when a misunderstanding interfered with work and entailed harmful consequences.
🎓 Interesting Communication Topics for Essay
- Classical Arabic as a Mode of Communication in the Contemporary EnvironmentThis paper explores the differences between Classical Arabic and its modern varieties, comprising Modern Standard, Moroccan, and Egyptian ones, proving that it is not yet a dead language.
- The Impact of Information Technology on the Human CommunicationThis paper discusses the potential impact of information communication technology on human communication in business in the next 10-15 years.
- Business Communication in EgyptEgyptian culture appears to be relatively easy to comprehend due to its emotional openness and direct communication style.
- Social Media’s Influence and Their Role in CommunicationSocial media tools help people to connect individuals awareness of an issue worldwide. This, in turn, helps to usurp authoritarian governments while uniting people in a crisis.
- Verbal Communication and Identity in Kafka’s “Metamorphosis”“The Metamorphosis” by Kafka explores the implication of losing one’s physical body and the abilities that it provides.
- Human Communication and Development of CivilisationCommunication is a mechanism by which the existence and development of human relations become possible. It includes facial expressions, gestures, and tone of voice.
- Communication Differences Between Men and WomenThe results showed that men seem to have more initiative in their language use, whereas women seem more relationship-oriented.
- The Invention of the Telegraph in the Communication ContextThe context of modern communication and life as a whole is impossible to imagine without non-physical means of connecting with others.
- Social Media for the Purpose of Knowledge, Entertainment, and CommunicationAlmost all people, especially the representatives of young generations, consider their smartphones and laptops to be an integral and rather significant part of their life.
- Performance Improvement Plan: Logistics, Communication, and BehaviourWhile the human factor contributes to the level of performance, the author proposes to ensure to keep a positive attitude in his job to ensure he gives the best performance.
- Importance of Crisis CommunicationThe paper seeks to create a crisis communication plan if the government sets out legislation that directly affects the organization.
- Appropriate and Effective Christian Intercultural CommunicationThe current paper can help people understand the ability to communicate even with different views on life and different cultural customs.
- Correlation Between Social Media and Communication SkillsThe effects that social media may have on a person’s development and ability to communicate with others have proven to be controversial.
- Using International Relations Theories to Predict the Future Communications With AliensThe paper argues that classical liberalists’ prediction of international cooperation and somewhat peaceful communication with aliens is more convincing.
- The Impact of Interpersonal Internal Communication on Organizational EffectivenessThe work aims to study the impact of managers’ communication process on the effectiveness of organization management.
- Communication Technologies: Symbolic CommunicationLanguage is the mirror of the world. At its most basic form, language is a communication system meant to convey thoughts, ideas, feelings, and emotions between human beings.
- Individual Cultural Communication of Arabs AnalysisPurnell’s Domains of Culture comprises comprehensive criteria for cultural components, which make it suitable for the analysis of Arabs’ communication patterns
- What Effects Does Social Media Have on Real-Life Communications?The widespread use of social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, Instagram, and WhatsApp has changed the way people communicate.
- Bedside Reporting vs. Handoff: Impact on Patient Safety and Nurse CommunicationThe process of handing patients over performed by nurses during shift changes is a major patient safety and care quality concern in various settings, including acute care.
- Digital Divide – Information and Communication TechnologiesThis paper will set out to define the digital divide and discuss the merits and demerits of improving it. The most significant technological advances were made in the field of ICT.
- Intercultural Business Communication in BrazilThis study is designed to explore the particularities of intercultural business communication for proper company product selling in Brazil.
- The Pre-Writing Process in Business CommunicationThe passage describe the essentials of a business report pre-writing process and recommendations to deliver the message effectively.
- Sociology of Communications and MediaThe sociology of communications and media is an essential branch of knowledge that provides people with the information necessary for their everyday lives.
- Importance of Business Communication and ManagementThe modern model of personnel management is impossible without a well-established process of effective communication.
- Communication Analysis of Lady Gaga’s Acceptance SpeechLady Gaga won a Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance and gave her acceptance speech in 2019. She thanked the Grammy organizers and audience for the award.
- Communication as a Barrier to Providing HealthcareIn the healthcare industry, the language barrier results in the professional not understanding the patients’ needs when caring for them.
- How Cultural Norms in Indian Culture Influence Communication?Indian cultural heritage is a fantastic source of spiritual and scientific knowledge. Indian cultural communication patterns derive from their deep spirituality.
- Business Communication: Message AnalysisAn organization has to communicate a lot of messages to a variety of people in its day-to-day business operations. The message may be either business related or non-business related.
- Vila Health Independence Medical Center: Stakeholder CommunicationThis paper reviews the stakeholders that are significant for the alteration for the Vila Health Independence Medical Center and determines their involvement and value of the proposed strategy to each group.
- Greggs Company’s Communication TheoryBeing a baking company, Greggs PLC tries to show that their family business spreads love and care to all people.
- Nursing Values: Empathy, Communication, and Critical ThinkingThe ability to be empathetic and the nurse’s willingness to help the patient is a fundamental variable of nursing. Empathy can create space for the patient’s self-actualization.
- De Beers Company’s Digital Marketing CommunicationThe essay analyzes De Beers, its strategies in digital marketing communication and proposes a new digital campaign using e-mail marketing, content advertising, etc.
- Gestalt Therapy for Teenagers: Communication and ConfidenceIt is possible to use Gestalt therapy for teenagers to focus on improving family communication, building confidence, and personal growth.
- Modern Communication Infrastructure as a Means of Cultural DiffusionThis research paper demonstrates that modern communication infrastructure has not changed the course of cultural exchange patterns but rather hastened the flow of integration.
- Autism Spectrum Disorder CommunicationThe study aims to study the communication skills of children with autism spectrum disorder by assessing their ability to converse effectively within a dialogue.
- Improving Police Morale and Community CommunicationThis paper’s purpose is to examine the police department on street patrol, and also to reveal the issue of mass dismissal of police officers.
- Impact of Various Types of Communication on Adolescents’ BehaviorThere have been numerous debates concerning the influence that various types of communication with peers may have on adolescents’ behavior and development.
- Ethical Communication in Comcast CorporationEthics in communication is important for the business. Companies need to understand that ethical principles enable employees to create a moral foundation.
- Media as a Powerful Communication ToolMedia has become one of the most powerful communication tools in the modern world. For this reason, it has been given much attention.
- Communication in the Era of TechnologyModernization has improved the work of many organizations and social institutions, but technology has affected the deterioration of individuals’ communication abilities.